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Coding Terms > Coding 5 > Flashcards

Coding 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A self-renewing stem cells that can make differentiating daughter cells but it has high potency for the cells that it can make

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2
Q

What is symmetrical division?

A

2 self renewing stem cells or daughter cells that are committed to differentiate and the cytoplasmic material is equally divided

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3
Q

What is asymmetrical division?

A

When a stem cell and a developmentally committed cell are made

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4
Q

Is there more symmetrical or asymmetrical division?

A

Symmetrical division

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5
Q

What is a multipotent cell?

A

These are cells that can generate any germ layer tissue which is multipotent

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6
Q

What is a progenitor cell/transit amplifying cell?

A

These are cells that are only able to divide a few times

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7
Q

What is a stem cell niche?

A

This is a microenvironment that controls the cells and its impact on regulation

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8
Q

What are the common attributes in cell niches?

A
  • Extracellular mechanisms
  • Intracellular changes in stem cell behavior
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9
Q

What are extracellular methods of regulation?

A
  1. Physical mechanism such as structural adhesion factors in the ECM
  2. Chemical regulation by secreted proteins and progenitor differentiation
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10
Q

What are intracellular methods of regulation?

A
  1. Regulation of cytoplasmic determinants
  2. Transcription regulation
  3. Epigenetic regulation
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11
Q

What is the inner cell mass?

A

This is the pluripotent region of an early developing blastocyst

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12
Q

What is a pluripotent cell?

A

These are cells that can give rise to any cell except totipotent cells

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13
Q

What is a totipotent/intial cell?

A

These are cells that form 2 separate clusters one located at the most apical (shoot) end or the embryo at the most basal (root) end

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14
Q

How are humans unlike hydra and planaria?

A

Hydra and planaria can regenerate their limbs and the body

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15
Q

What is a morula?

A

This is an embryo undergoing cleavage but lacks a cavity

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16
Q

What is the trophectoderm?

A

Totipotent cells that surround the ICM and it makes the placenta

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17
Q

What is the blastocoel?

A

It is a fluid-filled cavity that formsW

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18
Q

What is the epiblast?

A

The ICM cells form the epiblast cells which then make the primitive endoderm between the epiblast and trophectoderm cells

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19
Q

What is the primitive endoderm?

A

The yolk sac

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20
Q

What is the difference between ICM in vitro and in vivo?

A

The ICM in vitro can generate all cell types but in vivo the ICM cells can self renew indefinitely

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21
Q

What factors ensure that stem cells are uncommitted?

A

Oct4, nanog, and sox2

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22
Q

What does Cdx2 do for the trophectoderm?

A

It is an activator for the outer cells of the morula

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23
Q

What does Cdx2 do for the epiblast?

A

It is a repressor

24
Q

How is the asymmtrical cell division correlated with the axis?

A

Perpendicular positioned asymmetrical division leads to segregated daughter cells inside and outside the embryo

25
Q

How is the symmtrical cell division correlated with the axis?

A

Parallel positioned symmetric division leads to duaguter cells with an even distribution of cytoplasmic material

26
Q

What is the hippo pathway in the trophectoderm cells?

A
  1. PAR and aPKC bind to AMOT
  2. YAP/TAZ are available and translocate to the nucleus
  3. Cdx2 is expressed
27
Q

What is the aPKC?

A

An inhibitor of the AMOT receptor

28
Q

What is the hippo pathway in the ICM?

A
  1. E-cadherins bind to AMOT
  2. Hippo kinase cascade
  3. Degradation of LATS 1/2
  4. LATS 1/5 inhibits YAP/TAZ
  5. YAP/TAZ inhibits beta catening and BMP
  6. YAP/TAZ translocates to the nucleus
29
Q

What happens to OCT4 in the epiblast?

A

It loses OCT4

30
Q

What was the dogma about neurogenesis?

A

That brain development stops after birth

31
Q

What are neural stem cells?

A

These are cells that originate from progenitor cells known as radial glial

32
Q

What are the 2 brain regions with NSCs?

A
  1. Ventricular subventricular zone
  2. Subgranular zone
33
Q

What are the 4 cell types from V-SVZ?

A
  1. Layer of endodymal cells along the ventricular wall adjacent to the cerebrospinal fluid
  2. Neural stem cells known as B cells
  3. Transit amplifying C cells
  4. Migrating neuroblasts
34
Q

What is a crypt?

A

It is a base of a villus that is like a steep well-like hole

35
Q

Where is the intestinal stem cell niche?

A

At the base of the crypt

36
Q

Where does cell removal happen?

A

The villi

37
Q

Where does cell generation occur?

A

Crypt

38
Q

What is the crypt base columner cell?

A

Proliferating intestinal stem cell at the base of the crypt

39
Q

What is critical to CBCC?

A

The delta ligand for the notch pathway

40
Q

What is a paneth cell?

A

It is a regulatory cell that leads to stem cell regulation and if deleted it detroys the ability to generate other cells

41
Q

What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

A

These are stem cells that can generate any type of blood cell

42
Q

What are the 2 subpopulation for HSC?

A
  1. Divide rapidly
  2. Divide quiescently
43
Q

Some stem cells are specific to a single type of tissue while others are more versatile what is the latter called?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

44
Q

What regulates MSCs?

A
  1. Paracrine factors
  2. Extracellular matrix
45
Q

What are the transcription factors in the ICM doing?

A

They are preventing the differentiation of cells

46
Q

What does Sox2 and Oct4 do?

A

Activate nanog and other TFs that established pluripotency and blocked differentiation

47
Q

What is c-Myc?

A

Opens the chromatin and makes it accessible for Sox2, Oct4, and nanog

48
Q

What is Klf4?

A

It prevents cell death

49
Q

What is an organoid?

A

Pluripotent stem cells that make rudimentary organs

50
Q

What signals are on or off for a paneth cell?

A

Wnt on
Notch off

51
Q

What signals are on or off for an enterocyte cell?

A

Wnt off
Notch on

52
Q

What signals are on or off for an goblet cell?

A

Wnt off
Notch off

53
Q

What signals are on or off for enteroendocrine cells?

A

Wnt off
Notch on

54
Q

What forms when a differentiating daugter cell undergoes a transition?

A

Forms a transit amplifying or progenitor cell

55
Q

Did yamanaka alter the stem cell niche?

A

No

56
Q

What promotes glial genesis?

A

BMP

57
Q
A

Coding Terms (17 decks)

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