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Coding Terms > Coding 13 > Flashcards

Coding 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the egg in a chick undergo its first cleavage?

A

While it is in the hen

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2
Q

Where is the chick fertilized before the albumin and the shell are secreted to cover it?

A

The oviduct

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3
Q

What is the blastodisc?

A

A small disc of yolk free cytoplasm that sits on top of a large mass of yolky cytoplasm

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4
Q

When does MZT happen?

A

128 cell stage

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5
Q

In chicks what are the 3 steps of gastrulation?

A
  1. Formation of the lower hypoblast and the upper epiblast
  2. The epiblast makes the primary body structure, head, and neck
  3. Secondary body formation from the lower abdomen and tail
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6
Q

What is the koller’s sickle?

A

The posterior end of the area pellucida where the cells thicken and make the anterior-posterior region

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7
Q

What is the hypoblast?

A

The cells that lead the gut formation and the yolk sac

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8
Q

What part of the egg undergoes cleavage?

A

The blastodisc in the animal pole

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9
Q

What is the epiblast?

A

Cells that make the germ layer and the extraembryonic membrane

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10
Q

What is the posterior marginal zone?

A

A beltlike region between the area opaca and the koller’s sickle

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11
Q

How is the blastocoel cavity made?

A

By the epiblast and the hypoblast joining at the PMZ

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12
Q

How is the primitive streak made?

A

The clockwise and counterclockwise motion of thousands of epiblast cells

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13
Q

What is the primitive groove?

A

Cells that converge at the primitive streak and form a depression

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14
Q

What is the hensen’s node?

A

The anterior end of the primitive streak

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15
Q

How does the primitive streak play a role in body axes?

A

When cells ingress through the streak somite formation occurs

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16
Q

What is the PMZ analogous to?

A

The nieukwoop centre

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17
Q

How is PMZ similar to NC?

A

It secretes Vg1 (nodal protein) and it is localized to the side due to BMP4 inhibition and nodal proteins are needed for primitive streak formation

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18
Q

What happens once the primitive streak has completed its formation?

A

It secretes cerebrus to repress its own nodal proteins and formation

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19
Q

When is germ layer identity established?

A

Before gastrulation

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20
Q

What do the first cells that ingress through the hensen’s node make?

A

Pharyngeal endoderm

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21
Q

What do the second cells that ingress through the hensen’s node make?

A

Presumptive foregut endodermal cells

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22
Q

What do the third cells that ingress through the hensen’s node make?

A

Choramesoderm cells

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23
Q

What is the mammalian oocyte wrapped in?

A

Cumulus cells

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24
Q

What takes the oocyte from the ovary to the oviduct?

A

Fimbirae

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25
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Near the ovary in the ampulla

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26
Q

What does the first cleavage depend on?

A

The location of sperm entry

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27
Q

What is compaction?

A

When adhering proteins such as E-cadherins are expressed and the blatomeres cluster into a ball

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28
Q

When does compaction occur?

A

In the third cleavage

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29
Q

At the 16-cell stage there is a division into internal and external cells that form?

A

The internal makes the ICM
The external makes the trophoblast

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30
Q

What are the inner cell mass cells?

A

Pluripotent embryonic cells

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31
Q

What are the trophoblast cells?

A

Totipotent cells that can make any embyronic structure

32
Q

What do trophoblast cells do in humans?

A

Make hormones by embedding in the uterus to prevent fetus rejection

33
Q

Do mammals receive nutrients from their yolk sac?

A

No from the mother through the placenta

34
Q

How is the placenta made?

A

When the trophoblast cells bind to the mesoderm to make a capillary-rich chorion structure

35
Q

The ICM makes the epiblast which makes what?

A

Amnion, allantois and the embyro

36
Q

The ICM makes the primitve endoderm which makes what?

A

Yolk sac

37
Q

What makes up the bilaminar germ disc?

A

The primitive endoderm and the epiblast

38
Q

What makes the amnion with amniotic fluid?

A

Epiblast cells

39
Q

How does the epiblast cells make the endoderm and the mesoderm?

A

Through EMT

40
Q

What is the node?

A

A thickened bulb of cells at the anterior of the primitive streak that makes the mesoderm and the notochord

41
Q

Between the trophoblast and the epiblast what structure is initiated?

A

The primitive streak

42
Q

What is the NC equivalent in zebrafish?

A

Yolk syncitial layer

43
Q

Where does the B-catenin build up?

A

Yolk synchitial layer

44
Q

What is the zebrafish organizer?

A

Embryonic shield

45
Q

What does the nuclear B catenin accumulation lead to?

A

The activation of BMP and WNT inhibitors

46
Q

What is chordino?

A

BMP inhibitor activated by B catenin -> Nodal

47
Q

What is goosecoid?

A

BMP and WNT inhibitor

48
Q

What is noggin?

A

BMP inhibitor

49
Q

What is dickkopf?

A

Wnt inhibitor

50
Q

What is siamois?

A

A protein produced in the dorsal lip (and not secreted) that turn on goosecoid, which help specify dorsal mesoderm development VegT and Vg1 turn on Xnr, which diffuses up and induces mesoderm

51
Q

What is the avian organizer?

A

Hensen’s node

52
Q

What is the purpose of floped, filia, and TLE6 what happens if they are preturbed?

A

Asymmetric cell division during cleavage

53
Q

Where are the cilia relative to the node?

A

The ventral surface of the node

54
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

Reverse left-right asymmetry

55
Q

What is kartagener syndrome?

A
  • Situs inversus
  • Male sterility
  • Constant bronchitis
56
Q

What is the role of nodal in the left-right asymmetry generation?

A

Nodal is expressed in the left and it flows
- It inhibits WNT and BMP
- It activates Ptx2
- The morphogen gradient leads to the activation of the immotile cilia at the end
- Cellular responses occur due to the gradient

57
Q

What is a homeobox?

A

It is is a gene

58
Q

What is a homeodomain?

A

It is a DNA binding domain for a transcription factor

59
Q

What do hox genes determine?

A

The anterior-posterior region

60
Q

Do paralogs have an identical amino acid sequence?

A

No they are similar

61
Q

What is colinearity?

A

When the genes expressed correspond to the order of the segments

62
Q

What is posterior prevalence?

A

When the posterior function of the posterior Hox genes overwhelm the anterior hox genes

63
Q

What do the most anterior hox genes make?

A

The hindbrain, base of the skull, occipital, and the ears

64
Q

How do you mis-express a hox gene?

A

Conducting a transplant and add a transgene containing the gene of interest

65
Q

What is the difference between mouse and chicken segments?

A

The chicken segments are shifted 7 somites over

66
Q

What does it mean by redundant genes?

A

You do not need all of the genes in order to see the phenotype what you need is only one paralog

67
Q

What is misexpression?

A

It is not that it does not form rather it is converted into something else

68
Q

What is a Hox LOF do?

A

Anterior forms in the posterior

69
Q

What is a Hox GOF do?

A

Posterior regions form in the anterior

70
Q

If you mutate the Hox1 family what happens?

A

Facial abnormalities

71
Q

How does the blastocoel cavity form?

A

The epiblast and hypoblast join at the marginal zone

72
Q

What is equivalent to the posterior marginal zone?

A

The nieukwoop center

73
Q

For the cells that ingress through Hensen’s node first what does that make?

A

Pharyngeal endoderm

74
Q

For the cells that ingress through Hensen’s node second what does that make?

A

The forebrain

75
Q

What causes left-right asymmetry?

A

The flow of the nodal from right to left because of the motile cilia

76
Q

What makes the neural plate?

A

Ectoderm

77
Q

What makes the neural crest cells?

A

Ectoderm

Coding Terms (17 decks)

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