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Coding Terms > Coding 12 > Flashcards

Coding 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Which pole contains more yolk?

A

The vegetal pole

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2
Q

What does the vegetal pole do?

A

It determines the lower part of the egg however the higher yolk content slows cell division

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3
Q

What happens when the sperm central enters the egg?

A

It organizes the egg’s microtubules so they are parallel to the vegetal cytoplasm

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4
Q

What does cortical rotation expose?

A

The inner cytoplasm opposite to sperm entry

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5
Q

What is the gray crescent?

A

Where gastrulation bgins and makes the dorsal portion

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6
Q

What type of cleavage occurs in frogs and salamanders?

A

Radial holoblastic

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7
Q

What is unequal radial holoblastic cleavage?

A

Whent the second division is taking place in the animal pole but the first division is still being completed in the first vegetal pole

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8
Q

What layer does the animal pole make?

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

What layer does the vegetal pole make

A

Endoderm

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10
Q

What layer do the cells below the cavity form?

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

What are the 3 main steps in gastrulation?

A
  1. Bring the embryo in through invagination most likely to make the endoderm
  2. Surround the embryo to make the ectoderm
  3. Place the mesoderm between the endoderm and ectoderm
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12
Q

What forms when the cells invaginate the egg?

A

Blastopore

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13
Q

Following the blastopore what forms?

A

The blastopore lip

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14
Q

What do the cells on the outside form?

A

Ectoderm

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15
Q

What happens through involution?

A

The cells are brought in to form the endoderm and the yolk plug is the final bit to be enveloped

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16
Q

What does beta catenin produce?

A

The anterior-posterior axis

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17
Q

Which proteins are secreted that form the dorsal-ventral specification?

A

BMP

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18
Q

What did the calcium waves control?

A

Mitosis and integrated spindles and cytoskeleton movement

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19
Q

What is the left-right axis?

A

This axis forms when there are certain genes that are active in one half and not the other

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20
Q

What makes the dorsal lip blastopore?

A

The organizers

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21
Q

What happens to the cells that gastrulate through the organizer?

A

They become the mesoderm

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22
Q

What is the grey crescent?

A

The region 180 degrees from the sperm entry

23
Q

What happens at the sperm entry?

A

The centrioles are brought in and there is a microtubule formation

24
Q

What is the corticol rotation?

A

There is a 30 degree rotation using the microtubules

25
Q

What are the key movements in Xenopus gastrulation?

A
  1. Epiboly
  2. Vegetal rotation
  3. Invagination
  4. Involution and migration
  5. Convergent extension
26
Q

What is the vegetal rotation?

A

When the vegetal cells push to the blastocoel

27
Q

What is the blastocoel?

A

The cavity that forms

28
Q

What are bottle cells?

A

They are cells that intiate gastrulation and form the blastopore

29
Q

What do the first cells to involute form?

A
  1. Pharyngeal endoderm
  2. Prechordal plate - head mesoderm
  3. Chordal mesoderm - notochord
  4. Somitic mesoderm
30
Q

What was the main finding of the Spemann experiment?

A

Exploring how the gray crescent forms the dorsal and the dorsal lip leads to organizers generating the axes

31
Q

What are the signals that induce the organizer formation?

A
  1. Nuclear beta catenin
  2. Nieuwkoop centre
31
Q

Where is chordin made?

A

The organizers at the dorsal lip blastopore

32
Q

What do the vegetal cells induce?

A

The formation of the mesoderm above the endoderm it forms

33
Q

When is Vg1 translated?

A

The late blastula stage

34
Q

What does Vg1 induce?

A

The Wnt inhibitor dickkopf

35
Q

What type of genes are Vg1 and VegT?

A

MEG in the ventral region

36
Q

What does VegT activate?

A

Nodal genes

37
Q

What do nodal proteins activate?

A

Eomesodermin in the presumptive mesoderm

38
Q

What does SMAD2 and eomesodermin activate?

A

VegT in the nuclear expression of the mesoderm

39
Q

What does VegT do?

A

Controls the mesoderm and endoderm formation

40
Q

What happens without VegT?

A

No blastopore, gastrulation, DV axis, AP axis

41
Q

Where do the nodal gene products diffuse to?

A

Animal pole

42
Q

What makes beta catenin?

A

MEG

43
Q

Where is beta catenin found?

A

Dorsal

44
Q

What is synergy?

A

The transcription factors working together to activate organizers

45
Q

What is the process with activating organizers using beta catenin?

A
  1. Wnt 11
  2. Disheveled
  3. Beta at the dorsal during cleavage binds to Tcf3
  4. Activates siamosis and twin
  5. Interacts with SMAD2 (from VegT)
  6. Activates organizer genes
46
Q

What happens if there is too much noggin?

A

Dorsal and anterior form at the expense of the ventral and posterior regions

47
Q

Which inhibitors are made at the pharyngeal endoderm?

A

Wnt

48
Q

Which inhibitors are made at the prechordal plate?

A

Wnt and BMP

49
Q

Which inhibitors are made at the notochord?

A

BMP

50
Q

For brain formation which proteins do you need?

A

No Wnt or BMP

51
Q

For spinal chord formation which proteins do you need?

A

Wnt only

52
Q

For epidermis formation which proteins do you need?

A

Wnt and BMP

53
Q
A

Coding Terms (17 decks)

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