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Coding Terms > Coding 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Coding 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

A multicellular organism generate a complex where the genotype and environment form the phenotype of cells

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1
Q

What is oviparity?

A

Born from eggs ex., fish

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2
Q

What is viviparity?

A

Born from live eggs ex., human

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3
Q

What is oviviparity?

A

Born from hatching ex., chicks

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4
Q

What is between birth and fertilization?

A

An embryo

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5
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Cell specialization

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6
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

An organized manner of cells specializing

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7
Q

What regulates cleavage?

A

The proteins and RNA in the oocyte cytoplasm

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8
Q

Does the volume of the cell change during cleavage?

A

No the number of cells increases with cell division

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9
Q

What factors do model organisms depend on?

A
  1. Size - can it fit in the space
  2. Generation time - embryo to adult
  3. Embryo accessibility
  4. Organism type and phylogenetic position
  5. Ease of experimental manipulation
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10
Q

Where does the sperm enter from?

A

Through a dimple called the blastopore

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11
Q

What is the blastopore in frogs analogous to in humans?

A

The primitive streak

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12
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

The collection of stages between births and death

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13
Q

What is fertilization?

A

When the maternal and paternal pro nuceli from the egg and sperm respectively fuse

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14
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Following fertilization the zygote cytoplasm divides into cells

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15
Q

What are the cells that form during cleavage called?

A

Blastomeres

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16
Q

What is the morula?

A

That is the embryo in the intial phase of cleavage that lacks a cavity

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17
Q

What is a blastula?

A

That is the embryo in the later phase of cleavage that has a cavity

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18
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

This is the movement of cells that forms the germ layers

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19
Q

What is the gastrula?

A

That is the embryo in the gastrulation phase

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20
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

The formation of the organs following the formation of the germ layers

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21
Q

What is the best way to describe species development?

A

As a cycle

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22
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

The membranous sac outside of the embryo that provides protection to the developing embryo

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23
Q

What is the zygote?

A

A single-celled organism

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24
Q

What are model organisms?

A

The basis for understanding various process or biochemical functions in similar animals

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25
Q

What are the 3 steps in determining the function of a gene?

A
  1. Determine the location of gene expression
  2. Knockout the gene
  3. Explore different mutations
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26
Q

What is the TBX5 gene responsible for?

A

The forelimb and heart development

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27
Q

What is the phenotype of a heterozygous mutation in the TBX5 gene?

A

Lack of the forelimb bone development

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28
Q

What is the phenotype of a homozygous mutation in the TBX5 gene?

A

No forelimbs

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29
Q

Why is the heart not impacted in the TBX5 gene?

A

Conditional specification

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30
Q

What is haploinsufficiency?

A

When 1 normal copy of the gene is not enough to form the wild type phenotype

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31
Q

What is haplosufficiency?

A

When 1 normal copy of the gene is enough to form the wild type phenotype

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32
Q

Why is the location of gene expression important?

A

Where the gene is expressed can tell you what the function is

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33
Q

What is the anterior?

A

The head

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34
Q

What is the posterior?

A

The tail

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35
Q

What is the ventral?

A

The front

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36
Q

What is the dorsal?

A

The back

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37
Q

What is the proximal?

A

The centre

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38
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Cross section ex., stomach

39
Q

What is the midsagittal plane?

A

Down the middle ex., between the eyes

40
Q

What is the horizontal plane?

A

Horizontal cut ex., hot dog bun cut

41
Q

In vertebrae organogenesis what forms the notochord?

A

The cells of the mesoderm

42
Q

What forms the episdermis?

A

The notochord cells redirect the surrounding ectoderm cells

43
Q

What is the embryo when the neural tube is forming?

A

The neurula

44
Q

What forms the neural tube?

A

The neural precursor cells which are instructed by the notochord

45
Q

What happens after the notochord forms?

A

The surrounding regions continue organogenesis and form somites which begin to form the nervous system by instructing the ectoderm

46
Q

When does the vegetal pole form in the embryo?

A

Later in cleavage

47
Q

What is the purpose of the vegetal pole?

A

The vegetal pole is the side of the yolk that divides slowly and leads to the formation of membranes and nourishment for the embryo

48
Q

What is the blastula called in a mammal?

A

Blastocyst

49
Q

What is meroblastic cleavage?

A

The whole egg does NOT undergo cleavage

50
Q

What is holoblastic cleavage?

A

The whole egg does undergo cleavage

51
Q

What determines meroblastic or holoblastic cleavage?

A

The amount of yolk determines which type of cleavage it undergoes

52
Q

What are the main patterns of cleavage?

A

For holoblastic cleavage the embryo divides and is hollow but for meroblastic cleavage the cells divide and sit on top or surrounding the yolk

53
Q

Does the yolk inhibit cleavage?

A

Yes

54
Q

is the notochord transient?

A

Yes, it is temporarily expressed but it is a critical structure formed by the mesoderm in vertebraes

55
Q

What are epithelial cells?

A

These are cells that are tightly bound and connected in sheets and tubes

56
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

These are loosely indpendent units that are floating around

57
Q

What are mesenchymal cells used for?

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Cell migration
  3. Cell shape and changes
  4. Cell growth
  5. Cell death
  6. Changes in cell membrane composition
58
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

The exterior layer ex., skin

59
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

The interior layer ex., blood and heart

60
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

The innermost layer ex., the digestive tract

61
Q

How can you visualize cell fate by injection?

A

The injection of a fluorescent dye to observe gene expression

62
Q

How can you visualize cell fate by a virus infection?

A

Infect the embryonic cells with a virus that has been altered to express green fluorescent proteins

63
Q

What is a transgene?

A

A gene that contains the DNA from another species

64
Q

What is Van Baer’s law of embryology?

A

That there is a phase in early embryology where all species look relatively the same

65
Q

What is invagination?

A

The infolding of the epithelial sheets of a gastrula ex., sea urchin mesoderm

66
Q

What is involution?

A

Inward movement of an expanding outer layer that spreads over the internal surface ex., amphibian mesoderm

67
Q

What is delamination?

A

Splitting of one cellular sheet into 2 sheets of epithelium ex., hypoblast formation in birds and mammals

68
Q

What is ingression?

A

Migration of cells through EMT into the embryo’s interior ex., sea urchin mesoderm

69
Q

What is epiboly?

A

Movement of epithelial sheets using ectodermal cells spreading as a unit to enclose the interior layers ex., ectoderm of tunicates, sea urchins, amphibians, and zebrafish

70
Q

What is convergent extension?

A

The movement of more lateral cells of all germ layers towards the midline ex., ectoderm and mesoderm of amphibian, zebrafish, birds, and mammals

71
Q

What is cell commitment?

A

When cells specify and mature

72
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When cells form organs of varying types with unique traits

73
Q

What happens when a cell commits?

A

There may be no change in biochemistry or function but it may have committed to form a cell or organ

74
Q

What are the 2 steps of commitment?

A

Specification then determination

75
Q

What happens when a cell is specified autonomously?

A

The cell is in a neutral environment by itself and continues to follow its fate but it is labile in this stage or reversible

76
Q

What happens when a cell is determined autonomously?

A

The cell is committed to its fate even in the presence of other neighbouring cells and it is not reversible

77
Q

What is cell fate?

A

The cell’s path to differentiating in an undisturbed embryo

78
Q

What does the egg cytoplasm contain to lead to cell fates being determined?

A

Transcription factors

79
Q

In autonomous specification when do blastomeres know their fate?

A

Very early on through cytoplasmic determinants

80
Q

What is conditional specification?

A

When the neighbouring cell secrete signals that lead to the cells fate

81
Q

How does a nucleus determine fate?

A

The fate of emryo’s nucleus is determined by its location

82
Q

What happens from
specification->determination->differentiation?

A

Potency decreases

83
Q

What does autonomous specification need to take place?

A

Blastomeres acquire determination factors from the egg cytoplasm

84
Q

What is mosaic development?

A

When autonomous specification leads to the blastomeres producing parts of the organism like tiles of a mosaic

85
Q

What are blastomere in conditional specification?

A

Totipotent

86
Q

What is regulative development?

A

The embryo can respond to removal of parts of the embryo a few cells

87
Q

What is a syncitium?

A

When the cell contains many nuclei and the cell failed to develop a cell membrane to divide just a common cell membrane

88
Q

Does a cell membrane form eventually?

A

Yes, around each nuclei via cellularization

89
Q

What happens to the mRNA?

A

It is tethered to one side of the embryo and the proteins are then secreted and forms a gradient

90
Q

What are morphogens?

A

These are components that can travel far and influence many cells and form a gradient only in a syncitia can transcription factors be a morphogen because there is no cell membrane

91
Q

What are determinants?

A

These are components that can only influence the cell its made in not far like a morphogen

92
Q

What signalling molecule is most likely a morphogen?

A

Paracrine or juxtacrine factors

93
Q

What signalling molecule is most likely a determinant?

A

Autocrine factors

94
Q

What is totipotent?

A

The zygote and it can produce all the cells that it need

95
Q

What is pluripotent?

A

Embryonic stem cell

96
Q

What is multipotent?

A

Tissue specific stem cell

Coding Terms (17 decks)

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