Coding 1 & 2 Flashcards
What is development?
A multicellular organism generate a complex where the genotype and environment form the phenotype of cells
What is oviparity?
Born from eggs ex., fish
What is viviparity?
Born from live eggs ex., human
What is oviviparity?
Born from hatching ex., chicks
What is between birth and fertilization?
An embryo
What is differentiation?
Cell specialization
What is morphogenesis?
An organized manner of cells specializing
What regulates cleavage?
The proteins and RNA in the oocyte cytoplasm
Does the volume of the cell change during cleavage?
No the number of cells increases with cell division
What factors do model organisms depend on?
- Size - can it fit in the space
- Generation time - embryo to adult
- Embryo accessibility
- Organism type and phylogenetic position
- Ease of experimental manipulation
Where does the sperm enter from?
Through a dimple called the blastopore
What is the blastopore in frogs analogous to in humans?
The primitive streak
What is embryogenesis?
The collection of stages between births and death
What is fertilization?
When the maternal and paternal pro nuceli from the egg and sperm respectively fuse
What is cleavage?
Following fertilization the zygote cytoplasm divides into cells
What are the cells that form during cleavage called?
Blastomeres
What is the morula?
That is the embryo in the intial phase of cleavage that lacks a cavity
What is a blastula?
That is the embryo in the later phase of cleavage that has a cavity
What is gastrulation?
This is the movement of cells that forms the germ layers
What is the gastrula?
That is the embryo in the gastrulation phase
What is organogenesis?
The formation of the organs following the formation of the germ layers
What is the best way to describe species development?
As a cycle
What is the yolk sac?
The membranous sac outside of the embryo that provides protection to the developing embryo
What is the zygote?
A single-celled organism
What are model organisms?
The basis for understanding various process or biochemical functions in similar animals
What are the 3 steps in determining the function of a gene?
- Determine the location of gene expression
- Knockout the gene
- Explore different mutations
What is the TBX5 gene responsible for?
The forelimb and heart development
What is the phenotype of a heterozygous mutation in the TBX5 gene?
Lack of the forelimb bone development
What is the phenotype of a homozygous mutation in the TBX5 gene?
No forelimbs
Why is the heart not impacted in the TBX5 gene?
Conditional specification
What is haploinsufficiency?
When 1 normal copy of the gene is not enough to form the wild type phenotype
What is haplosufficiency?
When 1 normal copy of the gene is enough to form the wild type phenotype
Why is the location of gene expression important?
Where the gene is expressed can tell you what the function is
What is the anterior?
The head
What is the posterior?
The tail
What is the ventral?
The front
What is the dorsal?
The back
What is the proximal?
The centre