•Coasts 4 Flashcards
What are the social reasons to protect the coast?
Transport- people need to travel to work for their social life
Housing- many people live on the coast which affects their livelihood
Holidays- places like Maldives disappear
What are the economic reasons to protect the coast?
Infrastructure- people can travel on roads and railways (port facilities)
Cost of repairing damage
Power plants- need to function to provide necessities
Reduce in farmers yield (infertile soil)
Coastal businesses loose income and jobs
What are the environmental reasons to protect the coast?
There are risks of mass movement
Animal habitats will be destroyed
Soil contamination (reduced yields)
Flora + Fauna affected so lack of diversity in eco-systems
Animals lose food source
What are the political reasons to protect the coast?
Areas may flood so people have to move- destroys community spirit
Council- planning department
Political pressure from stakeholders
Priority of protection
Nuclear power plant Densely populated urban area Low lying estuary Home to rare seabirds Main road between two large villages Grade 1 arable (crop growing) farmland MOD army training ranges Long distance coastal footpath Rough grazing land
What physical reasons mean that a coastline may need to be protected?
Made of a soft rock- vulnerable
Large fetch- powerful waves
What human reasons mean that a coastline may need to be protected?
Main roads near the coast
Hotels and amenities
What are soft management strategies?
When natural systems such as beaches, dunes and salt marshes are used to absorb and adjust wave energy
What are hard management strategies?
A physical change to a coastline using concrete, boulders, wood and metal
What are examples of soft strategies?
Capital cost- maintenance cost
Manage retreat Flood zoning Beach renourishment- medium-medium Beach replenishment Regrade beach Beach reprofile- low- low Cliff drainage Cascades Sand dunes
What are examples of hard strategies?
Capital costs- maintenance cost
Groynes- high- medium Sea wall Revetments- high- low Rip Rap Rock armour- high- low Gabions Metal rods Artificial reefs Barrage/ flood gates
What has happened since the 20th century?
Soft engineering schemes have been favoured due to costs and environmental impacts
Who is responsible for implementing coastal management?
The Environment Agency who are funded by DEFRA (the department for the environment, food and rural affairs)
Who opposes managed retreat?
The National Farmers’ Union
Local Authorities
What is the shoreline management plan (SMP)?
A plan for managing flood and erosion risk for a particular stretch of shoreline, looking at the immediate, medium and long term.
How many SMPs are there in England?
22
What is hold the line? (SMP)
Maintain or put in place measures to stop further coastal retreat due to erosion
What is advance the line? (SMP)
Extend the coastline seaward, further from the existing shore with new defences
What is retreat the line? (SMP)
Sacrifice land to the sea by moving the coastline back, constructing defences further inland
What is do nothing? (SMP)
Put no management schemes in place and allow nature to take its course
What are the different time contexts?
Short term- 0 to 20 years
Medium term- 20 to 50 years
Long term- 50 to 100 years
What is sustainability?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What is the fundamental goal of the ICZM?
To maintain, restore or improve the quality of coastal ecosystems and the societies they support.
Who are the stakeholders at the coast?
Fishermen Oil companies Farmers Landowners Shipping/ ports Military Tourism Mining Aquaculture Industry Scientists Homeowners Businessmen
What type of the sustainability are there?
Social
Environmental
Political
Economic
What is ICZM?
A process that requires the adoption of a joined-up and participative approach towards planning and management of coastal areas
What is an ICZM?
A long term view
A broad holistic approach (whole)
Adaptive management
Natural processes
Involvement with administrative bodies
Combination of techniques
Participatory planning
Reflecting local characteristics
