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Geography > •Coasts 4 > Flashcards

•Coasts 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the social reasons to protect the coast?

A

Transport- people need to travel to work for their social life

Housing- many people live on the coast which affects their livelihood

Holidays- places like Maldives disappear

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2
Q

What are the economic reasons to protect the coast?

A

Infrastructure- people can travel on roads and railways (port facilities)

Cost of repairing damage

Power plants- need to function to provide necessities

Reduce in farmers yield (infertile soil)

Coastal businesses loose income and jobs

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3
Q

What are the environmental reasons to protect the coast?

A

There are risks of mass movement

Animal habitats will be destroyed

Soil contamination (reduced yields)

Flora + Fauna affected so lack of diversity in eco-systems

Animals lose food source

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4
Q

What are the political reasons to protect the coast?

A

Areas may flood so people have to move- destroys community spirit

Council- planning department

Political pressure from stakeholders

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5
Q

Priority of protection

A 
Nuclear power plant 
Densely populated urban area
Low lying estuary Home to rare seabirds 
Main road between two large villages 
Grade 1 arable (crop growing) farmland
MOD army training ranges
Long distance coastal footpath
Rough grazing land
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6
Q

What physical reasons mean that a coastline may need to be protected?

A

Made of a soft rock- vulnerable

Large fetch- powerful waves

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7
Q

What human reasons mean that a coastline may need to be protected?

A

Main roads near the coast

Hotels and amenities

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8
Q

What are soft management strategies?

A

When natural systems such as beaches, dunes and salt marshes are used to absorb and adjust wave energy

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9
Q

What are hard management strategies?

A

A physical change to a coastline using concrete, boulders, wood and metal

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10
Q

What are examples of soft strategies?

Capital cost- maintenance cost

A 
Manage retreat
Flood zoning 
Beach renourishment- medium-medium
Beach replenishment 
Regrade beach 
Beach reprofile- low- low
Cliff drainage 
Cascades 
Sand dunes
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11
Q

What are examples of hard strategies?

Capital costs- maintenance cost

A 
Groynes- high- medium
Sea wall
Revetments- high- low
Rip Rap
Rock armour- high- low
Gabions 
Metal rods 
Artificial reefs 
Barrage/ flood gates
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12
Q

What has happened since the 20th century?

A

Soft engineering schemes have been favoured due to costs and environmental impacts

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13
Q

Who is responsible for implementing coastal management?

A

The Environment Agency who are funded by DEFRA (the department for the environment, food and rural affairs)

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14
Q

Who opposes managed retreat?

A

The National Farmers’ Union

Local Authorities

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15
Q

What is the shoreline management plan (SMP)?

A

A plan for managing flood and erosion risk for a particular stretch of shoreline, looking at the immediate, medium and long term.

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16
Q

How many SMPs are there in England?

A

22

17
Q

What is hold the line? (SMP)

A

Maintain or put in place measures to stop further coastal retreat due to erosion

18
Q

What is advance the line? (SMP)

A

Extend the coastline seaward, further from the existing shore with new defences

19
Q

What is retreat the line? (SMP)

A

Sacrifice land to the sea by moving the coastline back, constructing defences further inland

20
Q

What is do nothing? (SMP)

A

Put no management schemes in place and allow nature to take its course

21
Q

What are the different time contexts?

A

Short term- 0 to 20 years

Medium term- 20 to 50 years

Long term- 50 to 100 years

22
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

23
Q

What is the fundamental goal of the ICZM?

A

To maintain, restore or improve the quality of coastal ecosystems and the societies they support.

24
Q

Who are the stakeholders at the coast?

A 
Fishermen 
Oil companies 
Farmers 
Landowners 
Shipping/ ports
Military 
Tourism 
Mining 
Aquaculture 
Industry 
Scientists 
Homeowners 
Businessmen
25
Q

What type of the sustainability are there?

A

Social
Environmental
Political
Economic

26
Q

What is ICZM?

A

A process that requires the adoption of a joined-up and participative approach towards planning and management of coastal areas

27
Q

What is an ICZM?

A

A long term view

A broad holistic approach (whole)

Adaptive management

Natural processes

Involvement with administrative bodies

Combination of techniques

Participatory planning

Reflecting local characteristics

Geography (16 decks)

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