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Geography > •Coasts 3 > Flashcards

•Coasts 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an example of a fast process?

A

Longshore drift

Deposition

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2
Q

What is an example of a slow process?

A

Weathering

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3
Q

Why have we had major fluctuations?

A

Over the past 2 million years as a result of glaciation

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4
Q

What is an instantaneous scale?

A

Landforms that are affected by changed operating within a single cycle so within seconds to days to weeks

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5
Q

What are event time scales?

A

Ones that operate across a time span from an individual event through to seasonal variations which may take place from a few days to a few years

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6
Q

What is an engineering time frame?

A

When fluctuations take place over longer fine scales ranging from years to decades and centuries

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7
Q

What is a geological time scale?

A

From decades to Millenia as change takes place in sea level and climate

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8
Q

What is an example of an instantaneous landform?

A

Beach

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9
Q

What is an example of an event landform?

A

Sand dune

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10
Q

What is an example of an engineering landform?

A

Stack

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11
Q

What is an example of a geological landform?

A

Spit

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12
Q

What will influence the rate of change at a coast?

A 
Fetch
Waves
Tides
Wind
Mood 
Prevailing wind
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13
Q

When did the last ice age end?

A

11,500 years ago

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14
Q

What is the process of a stack?

A

Wave-cut notch formed by erosion such as wave pounding which creates weaknesses in rocks

Caves form by further erosion such as wave quarrying

Arch formed from undercutting where erosional processes such as hydraulic action have occurred

There are weaknesses caused by weathering e.g solution

Sub-aerial processes occur on top of the cliff

Stack formed as weathering processes like carbonation cause an arch to collapse

Cliff recession is caused by erosion and slumping

A wave-cut platform is exposed at low tide

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15
Q

What does vertical erosion create?

A

Blowholes

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16
Q

How does a spit form?

A

Longshore drift carries a supply of sediment along the shoreline

Where the coastline changes direction, material is deposited in the open sea by longshore drift

Material accumulates over time so that it lies above the level of the water and a spit develops

Vegetation begins to grow, Helios from to colonise the spit

The end of the spit it shaped by waves from other directions so that it forms a hook

If sediment continues to be supplied, the spit may grow beyond the hook

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17
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A spit joining an offshore island to the mainland

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18
Q

What is a barrier Island?

A

Barrier islands as found in seas with shallow gradients close to the shore

They form as a result of deposition by constructive waves

Formed in areas where tidal ranges are low

Formed parallel to the shoreline

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19
Q

What are the reasons for the location of the formation of barrier islands?

A

The accumulation of material transported by swash or wind-blown sand

The isolation of the shore when sea levels rise; higher storm beaches and sand dune ridges are left isolated

The emergence of previously submerged offshore bars as sea levels fall

Spits being heavily built up by storm waves but then breached, forming a series of islands

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20
Q

Why can a bar only form across a bag with no major flow?

A

Because the energy from a flow will move sediment and stop it from being deposited as deposition will only happen in calm water

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21
Q

Why might bars in the Uk be made of flint?

A

There is flint on the floor of the English Channel which will have been washed up during sea level change 6,000 years ago

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22
Q

What is a cuspate foreland?

A

A low-lying, almost triangular area of coast where sediment is deposited

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23
Q

What are the reasons for the formation of a cuspate foreland?

A

Waves from different directions create two converging spits

Deposition of sediment from fluvial sources causes a build-up of material

Changes in coastline over thousands of years have led to changing patterns of deposition

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24
Q

What is the difference between a ridge and a runnel?

A

Runnels run at right angles to the directions of maximum fetch

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25
Q

What is a berm?

A

A ridge of material running across the back of a beach

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26
Q

What determines the position of a berm?

A

The highest line on a beach that a wave has reached

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27
Q

What is a beach cusp?

A

A crescent-shaped indentation on the seawards edge of a berm

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28
Q

Where is a storm beach found?

A

On the upper shore

29
Q

How does the gradient change as you move inland?

A

The gradient gets steeper

30
Q

Why does gradient get steeper with larger particles?

A

Coarser sediments are more permeable so less water is available for backwash

31
Q

What are sand dunes?

A 
An aeolian feature that form when:
Large tidal ranges allow sand to dry out 
Gradient of land is relatively flat 
There is sufficient space
There is a stabilising agent 
There is a large supply of sand
32
Q

What is saltation?

A

Sand grains are picked up by the wind and bounced

33
Q

What is suspension?

A

Lighter grains and picked up and carried by the air before being deposited

34
Q

What is surface creep?

A

Traction type process

Grains are rolled along the land by the wind

35
Q

What is the first type of dune and how long do they take to develop?

A

An embryo dune

10-20 years

36
Q

What has happened to sea levels?

A

Over time they have fluctuated but recently there had been a general trend of sea level rise

37
Q

What is isostatic change?

A

Caused by the level of land changing

Local

38
Q

What is eustatic change?

A

Caused by a change in the sea level

Global

39
Q

What is a change in sea level due to glaciation called?

A

Glacial-eustacy

40
Q

In the Devensian glacial period (the most recent ice age 100,000- 11,000 years ago) what were sea levels like?

A

100- 125m lower than today

Most of the continental shelf was dry land

41
Q

What is transgression?

A

When coastlines retreat due to sea level rise

42
Q

What is regression?

A

When coastlines advance as water gets locked up in ice sheets and glaciers

43
Q

What is the change in the level of land due to glacial processes called?

A

Glacial-isostacy

44
Q

As ice melts, how much can land rise by each year?

A

20 mm per year

45
Q

Where are fold mountains found?

A

Subduction zones and constructive plate boundaries due to tectonic uplift

The process is called orogensis

46
Q

What is local tilting of land called?

What has it done?

A

Epeirogeny

Caused areas of the Mediterranean to be submerged

47
Q

How does tectonic change affect sea level?

A

Orogensis when tectonic uplift occurs and produces fold mountains then makes land beneath rise. A 1% increase in area of ocean can lead to a 40m drip in sea level

48
Q

How is thermal expansion contributing to sea level change?

A

We are in an interglacial period so the earth is heating up causing global expansion

49
Q

What is a landform of submergence?

A

Landforms created by eustatic rise and isostatic fall

50
Q

What are landforms of emergence?

A

Landforms created by eustatic fall and isostatic rise

51
Q

What are Rias?

A

Deepest at the mouth

Right angled to the coast

V shaped

52
Q

How are Rias produced?

A

Former river valley drowned by rising sea level

Submergence

53
Q

What are Fjords?

A

Steep valley sides

U shaped valley cross section

Straight and narrow

54
Q

How are Fjords produced?

A

Former glacial valley drowned by rising sea levels

Submergence

55
Q

What is seen at a Dalmatian coast?

A

Runs parallel to the coast

56
Q

How are Dalmatian coasts produced?

A

Land runs parallel to the coast becomes flooded

Submergence

57
Q

What is seen at a raised beach?

A

Cliff behind has erosional evidence

Vegetated

58
Q

How are raised beaches formed?

A

Former wave cut platforms

Emergence

59
Q

What is seen at a marine platform?

A

Gently sloped gradient

Former wave-cut platform

60
Q

How are marine platforms created?

A

Gently sloping submerged land becomes exposed

61
Q

What is the most likely reason for global warming?

A

Greenhouse gases emitted by humans from combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories & electricity production, mainly CO2

Deforestation

Industrial revolution

62
Q

Why are sea level rise predictions uncertain?

A

Not certain how much fuel we will burn in future

Sea levels done stay exact same

Temperatures vary

Countries may try and mitigate

Isostatic and eustatic balance

Shortage of resources

63
Q

What are the impacts of sea level change?

A

Melting ice caps

Wetland flooding

Thermal expansion

Coastal plants affected

Flooding

Habitats destroyed

Soil contamination

Erosion increase

64
Q

who predicts sea level change

A

The IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change)

Show change over the last 300 years

65
Q

What happened in sea levels between 1901- 1990?

A

Increase of 1.5mm per year

66
Q

What happened in sea levels between 1993- 2010?

A

Increase of 3.2mm per year

67
Q

What are the IPCC predictions?

A

Low- 0.5 m

Intermediate- 1m

High- 2m

68
Q

How much are sea levels rising by per year now?

A

4mm

Geography (16 decks)

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