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353 > Coastal & Marine Resources Midterm > Flashcards

Coastal & Marine Resources Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Epifauna

A

live ON the bottom

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2
Q

Infauna

A

live IN the bottom sediment

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3
Q

Plankton

A

No ability to propel themselves

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4
Q

Nekton

A

Active swimmers that move themselves (fish, reptiles, etc.)

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5
Q

Phytoplaknton

A

Plants

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6
Q

Zooplankton

A

Animals

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7
Q

5 major oceanic fisheries

A

W. coast of N. America
NW coast of S. America
NW & SW & central E coast of Africa

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8
Q

Anadromous

A

Migrate up-stream from the ocean to have babies

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9
Q

Jim Estes reading

A

Overfishing of pollock = less stellar sea lions = killer whales eat otters instead of sea lions = less otters = more urchins = no kelp forests
“top-down control” changed b/c of industrial fishing

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10
Q

What % of species in the world are marine?

A

1,750,000 species in the world
86% land
14% marine

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11
Q

% of benthic and pelagic species

A

250,000 Marine species
98% benthic (“benthos” = live on bottom)
2% pelagic (open sea or shallow water)

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12
Q

Minister Tootoo

A

Current fisheries manager
1st Indigenous fisheries manager
Brings IWOK into gov’t
wants to involve more science

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13
Q

Estuary

A

Portion of the ocean that is semi-enclosed by land & mixes with freshwater
“Nursery” for many species
Migration pathways
One of the most productive areas on earth
Partial protection from predators
Industrially/economically attractive: Sheltered harbors, recreation, access to rivers

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14
Q

How many estuaries in BC?

A

~442

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15
Q

Eelgrass

A 
Tropical & temperate seas
Likes to root in soft sediments
Nursery/protection area for babies
Settlement for organisms
Produces oxygen and stores carbon
Stabilizes shoreline
Slows down water flow 
Perennial (lasts for a really long time)
Scientific names: zostera & phyllospadix
Over 80% of commercially fished fish use eelgrass at some point in their life
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16
Q

Observation error

A

error in the determination of an actual number of a population after observing individuals

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17
Q

Estimation error

A

error in the estimation actual number of a population

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18
Q

Implementation error

A

error in the number of species killed during harvest

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19
Q

Process error

A

error in # in a population b/c natural variation is not taken into account

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20
Q

Model Selection Error

A

all models are wrong but you want to use the “least wrong” model

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21
Q

Mortality Limit Uncertainty

A

uncertainty in the amount of individuals you can kill without the entire population collapsing

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22
Q

Limit

A

of individuals you can kill without the entire population collapsing

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23
Q

Target

A

of individuals you want to kill

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24
Q

BC’s formula for target and limit

A

Total mortality limit/target = (population estimate x annual allowable mortality) – (estimated unreported mortality)
*In other words = (how many bears in population x number of bears killed allowed to be by humans) – (number of bears killed by other things/unreported kills)

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25
Q

GBPU

A

Grizzly Bear Population Unit
~50 in BC
Targets/Limits set for each unit
BC sets it’s targets AT it’s limits

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26
Q

Resource Subsidies

A

aka Biological Nutrient Cycle

Ex: Sea lettuce > copepods > salmon juveniles > mature salmon > sea lettuce

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27
Q

Part of salmon Wolves eat

A

Only the head because theyre trying to avoid “salmon poisoning disease”

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28
Q

Part of salmon Bears eat

A

Brain, eggs, dorsal muscle
DO NOT eat sperm ever
Distance bears bring salmon into forest depends on energy reward of salmon (chum are found the farthest inland - up to 100m)
Bears are the PRIMARY VECTOR of salmon into the forest

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29
Q

Ways nutrients get into forest

A 
Direct consumers of salmon (bears, wolves, birds...)
Carcesses
Urine, feces, guano
Maggots
Flooding and groundwater flow
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30
Q

N-15

A

“Nutrient Tracer”
found in marine species more that terrestrial species
Tree cores - thicker rings = more salmon that year
more nitrogen = less plant diversity B/C there are a small # of n-loving plant species

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31
Q

Salmon-consuming organisms

A 
~137 species of direct consumers
Burying beetles
Minks - reproductive cycle/lactation
Nutrient-rich liking plants
Wolves in costal areas
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32
Q

Annual reported catch

A

77 million metric tons

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33
Q

annual UN-reported catch

A

32 million metric tons

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34
Q

% of catch not consumed

A

50%

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35
Q

Riparian

A

on the banks of rivers/streams

-Salmon and other available resources decide the entire ecological structure/diversity of an ecosystem

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36
Q

N-rich plants

A

Love nitrogen rich environments
Ex: Salmonberry, Foamflower
Specialists in salmon- rich places

37
Q

N-poor plants

A

Do better in nitrogen-poor environments
Ex: False Azalea, Blueberry
Generalists in salmon-rich places

38
Q

% of marine food in human’s diet

A

Past 5,000 years

Carbon isotopes taken from bones show that 80-100% marine food in coastal people’s diets, 60-40% in inland diets

39
Q

Ludwig said… (1)

A

Wealth (from resources) = social/political power > promotes exploitation > positive feedback loop > never-ending exploitation

40
Q

Ludwig said… (2)

A

Scientific understanding limited by lack of controls/replicates. Every ecosystem is different and we cant standardize ways to help environment/use resources

41
Q

Ludwig said… (3)

A

Natural variation masks over-exploitation, often until exploitation is irreversible

42
Q

Ludwig said… (4)

A

Complexity of systems is taken on by a reductionist approach, so trial & error is needed to create limits

43
Q

How does climate change effect marine environments?

A 
More runoff/melting
Acidification
Less oxygen
Eutrophication
Hotter/dryer summers
Warmer ocean temp.
44
Q

of tags given out per year in Grizz trophy hunt

A

350
1 bear per tag
Not all hunter successful tho

45
Q

bears killed in BC since 1976

A

~14,000

1/3 female

46
Q

Clayton Stoner

A

IDIOT who killed treasured 1st nations bear - fined $10 k

47
Q

4 horseman of salmon decline

A

Over-harvest
Dams
Hatcheries
Habitat Degradation

48
Q

of salmon in Columbia basin before 4 horseman

A

10-16 million

200 distinct stocks

49
Q

“escapement”

A

of salmon that escaped nets and were given the chance to spawn

50
Q

% of world’s protein that is fish

A

~20%

51
Q

of people that use fish as main food source

A

1 billion

52
Q

TOTAL annual fish harvest

A

95-100 million metric tons

53
Q

% global fisheries are over-exploited

A

~28%

54
Q

% global fish stocks met MSY

A

~50%

55
Q

% “underexploited”

A

~25%

56
Q

CPUE

A 
Catch Per Unit Effort
#fish caught : #boats in ocean
less effort & more fish = assumption that there must be large stocks
more effort & less fish = assumption that there must be low/declining stocks
57
Q

Effects of overfishing

A

physical size of fish to shrink because humans always take biggest individuals
-Human predation is causing evolutionary selection for slower growth and rapid reproduction

58
Q

1950

A

peak of fish size

baselines set around this time

59
Q

% of large predators in ocean

A

10% of what it was before industrialized fishing

60
Q

Reference points for exploitation of fisheries

A

Aboriginal
Colonial
Global

61
Q

Allee effect

A

if a population gets small enough, individuals cannot find mates and pop. numbers drop exponentially to a point where it cannot recover

62
Q

Problems that prevent population recovery

A

Competition between species for food/space resources
Natural predation
Harvest of largest individuals who have the most babies
Political power overriding scientific evidence
Human values

63
Q

of human-hatched salmon released into columbia and % of returning salmon

A

~200 million released each year

80% of returning salmon are human-hatched

64
Q

Challenges of hatcheries

A

Expensive
Takes resources away from other recovery efforts
Leads to more competition for wild salmon
Hatched fish are more likely to die in ocean
Genetic diversity is lost when hatch fish breed with wild fish
Hapa fish usually have lower reproductive success + higher mortality rates

65
Q

Ludwig’s principles

A
  1. Study and manage HUMAN motivation
  2. Act before scientific consensus is achieved
  3. Expect scientists to identify problems, not remedy them
  4. Distrust claims of sustainability
  5. Confront uncertainty
66
Q

% of predator/prey chases that end in kill

A

10%

67
Q

Reasons humans are successful hunters almost 100% of time

A

Technology that makes it unlikely prey will escape

68
Q

“the other currency”

A

Humans dont hunt for just energy, we hunt for money and boasting rights

69
Q

Differences between human predators and animals predators

A
  1. When prey gets scarce in nature, predators switch to another prey - Humans hunt it even more usually until it’s gone
  2. Animals instantly eat prey - Humans can store it for along time
  3. Animals catch only what they need - Humans catch way more than they need
  4. Humans not tied down to one area - can get food from anywhere
70
Q

“law of the sea”

A

1978
EEZ’s created
200 nautical miles offshore limit for ocean management
-prevents counties from exploting other country’s fish stocks
-shows the need for international agreement on management limits

71
Q

Fish stock equilibrium depends on these 4 things:

AND they’re used to determine # of exploitable biomass

A

Recruitment (returning fish)
Growth Rate
Natural Mortality
Fishing removal

72
Q

Stock/Recruit ratio

A 
# of spawning fish : # of returning fish
used to determine how much stock to exploit and how much to allow to recruit later
73
Q

What allows us to exploit at a MSY?

A

rapid reproduction - thank god 4 that

74
Q

1 issue with models

A

they do not account for changing environmental conditions

-cause “management” to near extinction

75
Q

Cohen Commission

A

Judge Cohen spent 3 years and $26 mill trying to find reason for Fraser river sockeye salmon run collapse

76
Q

Ian McKechnie

A

Herring Zooarchialogical Study
Historical settlements dependant on herring: ~5,383
Found abundance of herring based on bones found
Data (bones found) reflects historical cultural choices
98% frequency of occurence from OR to AK coast

77
Q

TH Huxley 1883

A

Said “the sea is inexhaustible, nothing we do will seriously effect numbers of fish”
LOL NO

78
Q

Gail Shea

A

Dumb Minister of Environment that went against scientists suggestion to close 3 areas for 2014 fishing season to help herring come back

79
Q

Aerin Jacob

A

Marine Spatial Planning Presentation
How spatial use determines activity/biodiversity/physical state of a marine area
“ecosystem services” = all benefits you get from nature - intangible ones really hard to measure
Nature provide ecosystem services for free but humans put a price on them
“Future scenarios”

80
Q

1805 Columbia River Basin

A

Lewis and Clark reach Columbia River Basin

81
Q

1827 Columbia River Basin

A

Commericial logging begins in Pacific NW

82
Q

1850 Columbia River Basin

A

37 sawmills operational in Pacific NW

83
Q

1851 Columbia River Basin

A

First Railroad constructed close to Columbia River

84
Q

1859 Columbia River Basin

A

First large-scale irrigation project in Columbia River Basin

85
Q

1861 Columbia River Basin

A

Commercial fishing industry begins and salted salmon packaging along Columbia River

86
Q

1866 Columbia River Basin

A

1st salmon cannery begins 50 from mouth of Columbia River

87
Q

1910 Columbia River Basin

A

Peak of salmon harvest - 50 million pounds harvested

88
Q

1932 Columbia River Basin

A

95% salmon habitat degraded due to mining, livestock grazing, agriculture, logging…

89
Q

1941 Columbia River Basin

A

Grand Coulee Dam built - Salmon loose access to 500 miles of spawning habitat

353 (12 decks)

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