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371 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Primary hydrological link between land and ocean

A

Evaporation and precipitation

90% of evaporation is from ocean

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2
Q

% global water in oceans

A

97%

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3
Q

Biome with Highest annual variation in evaporatation and precip

A

Deserts

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4
Q

What is rain?

A

Water droplets that have condensate do to a condensation nuclei (aerosol particle)

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5
Q

Bergeron-Findisen theory

A

Rain is snow that passed thru a war layer of air and melted before it hit the ground

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6
Q

Water runoff

A

1/3rd water runsoff into the ocean
High mountainous runoff creates high streamflows
Can lead to floods or droughts

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7
Q

Hydro-social cycle

A

Humans manage every step of the water cycle, effect its efficiency and its aesthetic

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8
Q

Historical water management

A
  • only focused on surface water
  • monopolization of water market
  • overpricing
  • no regulation on/lisence needed for groundwater
  • Water use in BC: disrupted evenly between agriculture, indistrial and drinking
  • top-down, regulatory
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9
Q

Water lisences

A
  • how water is allocated in BC
  • FITFIR (first in time, first in right)
  • limited supply of water therefore limited supply of lisences
  • determines who gets to use water
  • application checked for: Impact to existing licensees, instream flows, landowners, FN interests
  • used to not have an expiry date - recently added
  • “use it or loose it”
  • seen by some as “giving into colonial authority”
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10
Q

Water Sustainabilty Act

A

Royal assent in 2014, Came into force in February 2016
Replaces old water act
Protects water flows and fish
Improves regulation around dams, well construction and compliance
Groundwater now regulated!

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11
Q

Cloud seeding

A

Spraying aerosols old into air to provide more condensation nuclei for clouds to form

  • used to increase clouds in places with not enough water
  • used to create snow for recreational purposes
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12
Q

Challenges with water licensing

A
  • telling people to cut down in times of drought - they get scared and hoard water
  • no groundwater regulation even tho 750,000 BC residents use groundwater for drinking water, agriculture, etc.
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13
Q

How many aquifers used by humans in BC

A

900+

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14
Q

Largest global user of water

A

70% used for agriculture

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15
Q

Water use distribution in BC today

A

90% land improvement, industrial use, agriculture, mining, 10% drinking

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16
Q

Gold Feilds Act

A

1859
First need to move water into arid regions
Allowed people to build water transportation infrastructure/large amounts of water

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17
Q

Water Act

A

Est. in 1909
People can apply for formal water licenses
-More than 8,000 claims made in first 10 years
-Does NOT recognize aboriginal rights and title
-primary water uses were argiculture and gold mining

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18
Q

BC drinking water protection act

A

1996-early 2000’s
Ban on large surface water exports out of BC
-Superior to all other water acts
-Says all water is property of the crown
-est. because of Walkerton, ON tragedy
-enforced by ceritifed provincial health authorities/water operators/1st nations health authorities

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19
Q

Challenges with water reform in BC

A
  • 100 year old legislation, not relevant for present issues
  • regulation is hard to enforce
  • tools exist but aren’t used (ex. Fish Protction Act)
  • Multiple levels of gov’t. And agencies are involved
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20
Q

Living Water Smart

A

Water conservation strategy up taken in BC in 2008
Goal: improve water laws to protect ecological integrity, more community involvement and groundwater regulation by 2012 (4 years late but oh well)
Uses online blog method for FN consultation - FN do not like it b/c many do not have Internet access
This strategy does not Reflect Indigenous rights, their relationship with water and their knowledge

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21
Q

Define: governance

A

The process of societal decision-making
WHO, WHAT and HOW
Accountability and power
Focuses on the end results

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22
Q

Define: management

A

Operational, on-the-ground activity to regulate a resource and the conditions of it’s use
Focuses on the process

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23
Q

Water governance + management change timeline

A

1850’s: industrial water use begins in BC
1909: water act
70’s-80’s: Canada is world leader in science
90’s: 21% DFO and 26% of Environment Canada cut to try to streamline/modernize water act, flow monitoring sites cut from 4,000 to 2,500
1996: drinking water protection act
2008: living water smart
2014: water sustainability act proposed
2015: 25 million in funding for water sustainability act
Feb 2016: WSA enforced

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24
Q

WHO does WHAT in water governance?

A

Federal and Provincial Have overlapping and hard responsibility

  • federal has “pass the buck” mentality, province has most authority
  • federal level very complex - 20+ agencies
  • huge variation of provincial/municipal water regulations
  • FN role and rights remain unsolved
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25
Q

Harmonization VS. Subsidiary

A

Harmonization: process of achieving clear, efficient and effective regulation by centralized and standardized policy
Subsidiary: when central authority does not take action unless they have too or unless it is more effective than action taken by lower levels of authority

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26
Q

Federal responsibilities

A
  • pollution prevention/mitigation and EA
  • infra funding
  • water science + monitoring
  • international disputes
  • recognizing FN rights and title
  • water use on federal lands
  • fisheries and navigation
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27
Q

provincial responsibilities

A
  • withdrawing and allocating water
  • water licensing
  • distributing authority to municipalities/regions
  • water source protection
  • wastewater & environmental management
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28
Q

Local resposibilities

A
  • water providers
  • land use planning
  • storm drainage management
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29
Q

Mullholland Aqueduct

A

Opened in 1916
William Mullholland
Gravity-driven, innovative, allowed growth of LA
First ran from Owens Valley to LA
Owens valley lake dried up from overuse of water
“California water wars” began
2nd aqueduct built - dam broke and flooded Santa Clara and Ventura County
Now get water from Haiwee Resevoir

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30
Q

Benefits of dams, reservoirs and large water infrastructure

A
  • flood control
  • drought mitigation
  • irrigation
  • hydroelectric power
  • economic power
  • allows people to have a water supply in arid places
  • ensures constant water supply to arid places
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31
Q

Cons of dams, reservoirs and large water infra

A
  • blocks fish migration pathways
  • withholds sediment from downstream ecosystems
  • creates shallower reservoirs, warmer water temp, no fish and anaerobic conditions
  • technical solutions that create more need
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32
Q

Flint, Michigan

A

Lead contamination in all water because of old pipes and corroding infrastructure

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33
Q

Lake Oroville, California

A

Rose 17 feet in 10 days from snow melt and runoff - big surprise in today’s drought conditions

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34
Q

world bank

A

Est. 1944 to help Japan and European countries rebuild after WWI
2 main branches of water management: sanitation and ecosystem health
Sanitation has always had higher priority than ecosystem water health

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35
Q

Global resource supply and demand

A

1.1 billion people without electricity
738 million without safe drinking water
2.5 billion without sanitation
55% more food needed in the next 20 years if growth rate stays the same

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36
Q

Millennium development goal #7

A

Every person will have access to safe drinking water by 2015

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37
Q

Sustainable development goal #6

A

By 2030, achieve universal access to sanitation, reduce proportion of untreated water, recycling and safe refuge

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38
Q

Narmada River Basin

A
  • Main focus of development for world bank since the 80’s
  • More than 3000 propsed dam projects
  • Sardar Sarovar Dam – pivotal site b/c of huge cost and development
  • Conflict and resistance from local communities
  • Loss of agricultural land, lack of consultation, basic human rights not met, lots of people displaced
  • Led to “watershed democracy” and eventually world bank withdrew funding for dam projects
  • Gov’t of India still wanted dam so they took it to the supreme court and passed it – now will be built even higher
39
Q

WCD (World Commission on Dams)

A

Est. in 1998

  • Conducted review and found 40-80 million people had been displaced by dams
  • legit, but had no authority
  • Recommended public informed consent, consider sustainable methods, benefit and revenue sharing, must always ensure river development includes peace and water security
40
Q

Trends in dam development

A

Initial decline in dam projects, but now increasing again
• Other alternatives (like fossil fuels) not sustainable – green energy
• New development funders
• Informed/educated communities

41
Q

BC Water Quality Guidelines

A
  • Benchmarks for the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, biota and sediment
  • Purpose: to prevent detrimental effects and to protect aquatic life
  • NOT legally binding until stated in a permit or legal document
  • different for each designated use (industrial, agriculture, source water, aquatic life, etc.)
  • Standardized, not site-specific
42
Q

“dual guideline approach”

A

using average and maximum levels for reference points

43
Q

Water Quality Objectives

A
  • Used where/when WQ guidelines do not “fit”
  • ex. if naturally occurring levels are greater than the guideline level / baseline based on species that is not present
  • Site-specific
  • Developed thru an assessment of the site
44
Q

PCPP’s & EDH’s

A

Pharmaceuticals / Personal Care Products & Endocrine Disrupting Hormones
Sources: human and animal waste, flushed/landfill disposed products, general bodily excretion
Risks: continuous/cumulative exposure, effects/transportation have not been studied as much as other contaminants so effects are not really known
-Precautions & uncertainty need to be incorporated into management framework

45
Q

Challenges with water quality monitoring (Ongley reading)

A
  1. lack of baselines
  2. lack of “full life cycle” regulation for WQM after any activity
  3. lack of consistent data
  4. what is collected vs. what people actually want to know
  5. assumption that WQM results in mitigation and decision-making
  6. legitimacy of data can be biased or not good enough due to who pays the $$
46
Q

WHO is responsible for drinking water quality management?

A

Global: WHO (world health org.)
National: Health Canada
BC: Ministry of Health & Indigenous and Northern Affairs (nation to nation water management), BCWWA

47
Q

BCWWA

A

BC Water and Waste Association

48
Q

BC Water Advisories

A

WQ advisory: moderate health threat, warning
Boil Water advisory: significant health threat but can be fixed by boiling water, usually bacteria
Do Not Consume: you, your pets, crops, etc. should not use water, significant health threat that cant be fixed by boiling
Do Not Use: hazard from all exposure, do not come in direct/indirect contact with water AT ALL, radiological/chemical contamination

49
Q

“Multi-barrier” global WQ protection approach

A
  1. Source-water protection: protecting drinking water at the source, everyone’s responsibility
  2. Robust water treatment: purification/additives/filtration
  3. Secure water supply network: ensuring water transport system isnt leaking or being contaminated by leaching
  4. Monitoring: rules and thresholds about contamination and reporting
  5. Prepared responses: how to respond to/who to communicate with in emergencies
50
Q

“small” water systems

A

1-300 connections
Many have boil water advisories
Lack of resources, operators, capacity to get good water quality
Small Water Users Assoc. formed to try to solve issues

51
Q

Drinking water in BC FN communities

A

Nov. 2015: 136 water advisories in 92 FN communities
~37% of operators are actually certified
-Have their own jurisdiction in each individual community but still connected with fed. gov’t for water testing and other support
-emergencies can arise very quickly if the community is in a remote area and they need something brought to them

52
Q

Kashechewan Cree First Nation

A
  • very remote community north of Toronto
  • multiple water issues
  • Ecoli outbreak in 2005
  • Boil water advisory for ~5 years prior to outbreak
  • extra chlorine put into water to clean it but community members had bad reactions (rash/health problems)
  • community members protested b/c fed. gov’t wasnt responding fast enough/at all
  • ON prov. gov’t responded
  • flew Kashechewan members to temporary community
  • prov. made fed. pay them back for flight costs LOL
53
Q

Bottled water

A
  • Regulated under food+drug but NOT under Safe Drinking Water Act
  • Pros: emergency supply, easy transport, source of clean water for places with bad/no water infra
  • Cons: waste, production costs, pollution, health concerns with BPA, taking water from areas/people that need it more, only some have access to it
54
Q

Water Privatization

A
  • control of infrastructure & distribution by service provider
  • rare in Canada - most water infra is publicaly owned/operated
  • This happens when gov’t is unable to meet the needs of the public, gov’t role in power decreases, private actors have power & efficiency
  • Thames River Co. case study
  • Cochabamba case study
55
Q

Thames River Co. case study (why water privatization is bad)

A
  • UK, 1998
  • Thames River Co. and a few other large companies bought parts of main watershed
  • Monopoly created
  • No choice of services for consumer
  • Co. said they needed to upgrade water infra. so they raised prices by 50% - ended up not doing all upgrades and keeping $$
  • 20K households in 25 yrs. got disconnected cause they would not pay bills
  • pre-paid meters available but pl had to pay to get meter installed
  • water quality and quantity decline
  • Co.’s started bringing water in from other places and charging for transportation
  • water price increase again
  • people had enough
  • pricing regulations and gov’t control
56
Q

Cochabamba case study (why water privatization is bad)

A
  • Bolivia
  • Gov’t failing to provide water to communities
  • Private companies take over
  • Co.’s cant afford to upgrade infra. and keep their shit together so prices get increased by ALOT
  • 40 year concession gave co.’s rights to ALL water, even rain
  • Basically people’s rights to water taken away by privatization
  • protests, 17 year old shot
  • state of emergency declared
57
Q

types of water privatization

A
  1. Concession contracts: between gov’t and private actor(s) that gives pc right to operate a specific business within gov’t jurisdiction and with certain conditions
  2. Leases: one party conveys services to another party for a specified amount of time, usually in exchange for $$
  3. Management contracts: operational control is assigned to a private actor who preforms managerial funtions in exchange for $$
  4. Private-public partnerships: partnership between gov’t and private actor(s)
58
Q

Water Quality Timeline

A

1900-40: chlorination of drinking water, “era of starting to control the environment”
50’s: start to limnology (study of inland waters), conservationism, more prominent “systems” thinking
60’s: pollution control act, env. awareness movement, command/control approaches
70-80’s: Water Quality guidelines and objectives, more integrated management approaches
90’s: strategic land use planning

59
Q

Love Canal

A
  • William Love wanted to create a “perfect community” near Niagara river
  • Dug canal for community and then abandoned idea
  • “Hooker Plastics and Chemical” later used canal to dump ~21,000 tons of waste
  • landfill built on top of canal
  • town built on top of landfill
  • huge storm, water table rose, houses flooded
  • human health problems immediately emerged
  • miscarriages, leukimia, chromosomal damamge, etc.
60
Q

Minimata Bay

A
  • Japan, 1950’s
  • cats started acting weird
  • motor skills effected and memory loss
  • started happening to humans
  • Chisso corp. (plastic manufacturer) used mercury in plastic and were leaking waste into Minimata bay
  • bioaccumulation & mercury poisining
  • fishery and water destroyed forever
61
Q

Cuyahoga River, Ohio

A

1952: river caught fire, destroyed many businesses along river bank
1969: another fire, lots of media attention
- caught fire because many oil companies were dumping waste into river
- 2 inch layer of oil on top of water
- river feeds into Lake Eerie

62
Q

Cuyahoga, Minimata and Love Canal similarities

A
  • all happened 1950-1980
  • water quality decline b/c of industrial waste pollution
  • multi-generation effects
  • lack of connection between water quality and human health
  • lack of action until extreme health hazards/death happened
63
Q

Acidification

A
  • significant attention 70-80’s
  • causes: acid rain, atmospheric carbon increase, ocean acidity, early snow melt, global warming, decreased pH, biodiversity loss, shellfish cant form shells :(
64
Q

Eutrophication

A
  • Too much nutrients in water
  • increased productivity of plants and algae
  • decreased oxygen, increased BOD
  • red tides
  • lake filling (less O2, more dead animals, more algae = shallower bottom)
  • Causes: fertilizers, stormwater runoff, soaps, household chemicals
65
Q

Drought

A
  • definition: temporary conditions in which there is below-average precip. and not enough water in hydrological cycle to support current water use
  • naturally occurring, gradual onset
  • not easily predictable
  • isolated heavy rainfall/floods seen in times of drought but it is not enough to recharge water supply
  • causes: land use changes, increased SST
  • potential impacts: fires, hotter/dryer summers, less streamflow, less hydroelectricity
  • different from aridity (low precip, permanent condition)
66
Q

Standard Precip. Index (SPI)

A

used to find probability of precip. being above of below median amount

67
Q

How does BC measure droughts/precip?

A

-snowpack in winter
-streamflow in summer
4 levels of drought classification index:
1. normal
2. dry
3. very dry (potentially serious impact from lack of precip)
4. extremely dry (water supply insufficient for land & organisms)

68
Q

Sahel Region, Central North Africa

A
  • Longest drought on record
  • began 1960’s, still happening
  • 40% decline in seasonal rainfall
  • link between drought and famine
  • 250,000 people+livestock dead b/c of dehydration/famine in 80’s
  • ~30 million Ethiopians climate refugees
  • lots of focus on this drought b/c of it’s impacts
69
Q

Murray-Darling Basin, ‘Straya

A
  • Huge watershed - 3 rivers, 5 states, 16 different wetlands
  • Murray-darling commission managment collaboration btwn the 5 states est. in 80’s
  • created successful “cap and trade” salinity control system
  • 1994: cap on watershed access
  • 2006: peak of drought, agriculture in S. basin could not continue, farmer suicides. v serious
  • Fed. gov’t stepped in and now basin is managed under MD Watershed Authority
70
Q

Water as a human right

A

2002: UN published statement that declared human’s right to water
2012: UN general assembly passed resolution that water is human right
-Canada voted neutral/was against this declaration b/c of way gov’t is set up (if fed. commits to something and does not meet commitment, NGO’s can sue gov’t)
3 dimensions: availability, quality, accessibilty (sources must be a maximum of 800 m away)
-What this DOES NOT mean: access is unlimited (as much as you need but not more than that), nations should have to provide water to other nations, water should be free (accessible and affordable but not free)

71
Q

Water security as a “conflict”

A
  • people dont want to consider lack of water security as a “conflict” b/c conflicts are usually handled by military action
  • conflict would arise from water scarcity and disagreements wi/in a group
  • 40% of all people live in river basins = “water conflict hotspots”
  • “there has never been a single war over water” -Wolf
  • water is much more likely to be a “tool for peace”
  • water treatment/transport much cheaper than war
  • conflict much more likely @ a small scale that @ a global scale
72
Q

Nile River and Grand Renaissance Dam

A

1999: Nile Basin Initiative signed, terms for 11 years
2010: Initiative renewal, Egypt and Sudan do not sign
2011: Arab Spring Protests
- Ethiopia decides to build dam in midst of turmoil
- Biggest proposed dam in Africa
- $500 billion dollars, costs more than Ethiopia’s annual GDP lol
- 6000 MW, would supply power to entire Ethtiopia
- @ headwaters of Nile, major conflict with all downstream nations
- 1/3rd built already wow

73
Q

Types of Water Conservation Planning

A
  1. Supply & Demand planning: assessing current and projected supplies/demands
  2. W. Management planning: municipality -level - strategize w. management for community growth and future
  3. W. Use Planning: specific to BChydro, planning for specific uses (agri, energy, etc.)
  4. W. Conservation planning: hand-in-hand with drought and emergency response planning (ways to save+store as much water as possible)
74
Q

Common social water conservation strategies

A 
"brown is the new green"
succulent gardens
low flow plumbing
brick in toilet
small personal habit changes
appliance standards
75
Q

Reasons why water conservation is SO IMPORTANT

A 
population growth
declining water supply/security
climate change
increasing costs of upgrading infra.
biodiversity/ecosystem loss
76
Q

Average water use per day

A 
humans (total use): 25-50 L
humans (drinking): ~1.5 L
Canadian human: 251 L
Beef cattle: 45 L
Dairy Cattle: 135 L
Pine Tree: 20-40 L
77
Q

Main uses of water in Canada

A 
Thermal power generation: 60%
Manufacturing: 20 %
Municipal: 9%
Agriculture : 8%
Mining: 4%
78
Q

Municipal/Household water use in Canada

A

showers/baths/toilets: 65%
laundry: 20%
kitchen & drinking: 10%
cleaning: 5%

79
Q

Economic water conservation strategies

A 
tax credits for reduced usage
high-consumption fines
seasonal rate
daily peak hour rates
metering
timers
leak detection mechanisms
80
Q

“Just ask them what they want”

A
  • common phrase in water governance
  • Referring to 1st Nations in consultation/accommodation process
  • “them”, “they” imply division between indigenous/non-indigenous peoples
81
Q

TEK/IK/TK

A
  • should be taken as seriously as science
  • oral evidence can sub for/be used with scientific evidence
  • lack of TEK/IK/TK in current system results in us missing out on huge portion of important knowledge/applications/solutions
  • TEK today taken out of context and plopped into western scientific framework
82
Q

Collaboration VS. Co-management

A

collaboration: broad, involves gov’t, NGO’s and other org’s

co-management: nation to nation sharing of authority

83
Q

Why was the former water act outdated for today’s needs?

A
  • no groundwater regulation
  • FITFIR
  • no WQ objectives or guidelines
  • no focus on FN rights
  • no focus on ecosystem protection
84
Q

sources of chemical risks for drinking water

A
  • PCPP’s and EDH’s
  • fracking
  • pipe leakage
  • hospitals
  • sewage
  • naturally occurring poisons (arsenic, cyanide)
  • agriculture/other runoff
85
Q

impacts of underpricing water

A
  • overuse
  • more waste
  • less incentive to conserve
  • lack of funds to update infra.
86
Q

water price

A

usually determined by state of water market, supply vs. demand, used to make sure water is affordable to all

87
Q

water market

A

mechanism for buying, selling, trading & distributing water

88
Q

challenges with FITFIR

A
  • people with FITFIR water licenses hoard water when they are told not to use as much
  • hoard even tho their not using it
  • “use it or loose it” makes people use water when they dont even need it to keep their license
89
Q

“water muddle”

A

network of issues in Canada’s water management issues

  1. lack of effective/enforced regulations
  2. instream flow needs (IFN’s)
  3. lack of collaboration btwn land and water planning
  4. unresolved FN rights and title
90
Q

Chlorination

A 
benefits:
low cost
easy way to successfully 
risks:
by-products (tryhalomethanes aka THM's)
potential links to cancer
not all by-products regulated
91
Q

Microbial risks to drinking water

A 
Cryptosporidium
Giardia (beaver fever)
E-coli
Cyanobacteria (blue/green algae, can get thru shellfish or animal waste)
Salmonella
Hepatitis A
Cholera
92
Q

Radiological risks

A

Radionuclides

sources: naturally occurring radioactive isotopes, radioactive waste leakage

93
Q

Cholera

A

Dr. John Snow discovered cholera is a water-borne illness

  • invented the idea of sanitation by cesspools
  • Cholera is currently in it’s 7th world pandemic
  • began in 1961 in S. Asia, reached S. Africa in 1971, Americas in 1991
  • WHO estimate 3.5 million cases per year

353 (12 decks)

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