303 Whales midterm Flashcards
Cetacean
whales, porpoises and dolphins
Mysticete
whales with baleen
- newer, more advanced (evolutionarily speaking)
- “mustache” whales
- usually solitary, live alone
Odontocete
toothed whales
- first whales, older, less advanced (evolutionarily speaking)
- usually social, live in groups
Telescoping
- evolutionary process
- shows evolution from land animal to marine animal
- nostrils moving from front of face to top of head
- elongation of face
- helps animals breathe easier b/c it doesn’t have to lift it’s head, just has to graze surface to breathe
Homodont
-all SAME teeth
-baleen
-found in larger cetaceans
-MORE evolutionarily efficient because they just swim thru water and filter feed on small, easily available prey
-uses so much less energy AND they gain more energy by eating “bottom-of-the-food-chain” animals - no energy lost thru trophic levels
(aka “optimal foraging”)
Heterodont
- all DIFFERENT teeth
- toothed whales
- smaller cetaceans
- LESS evolutionarily efficient because they have to chase their prey and rip it up
- uses much more energy
- energy gains are not as much because so much energy lost thru trophic levels
Blubber
- Fat layer under skin
- made of fat and connective tissue
- keeps them warm
- acts as huge energy reserves
- allows them to keep their fusiform body shape
- handy to help with compression of body under extreme pressure
- gives them density to help move thru water
Vestigial
part of body that has no longer have a crucial evolutionary role
ex. our appendix
Ventilation & Voluntary breathing
- breathing - whales must surface to breathe in air
- whales are “voluntary breathers”, not automatic like us
- this is why they NEVER sleep, because they have to breathe on command and would suffocate if they slept for too long
- able to push ALL air out of lungs - have special lining on inside that makes lung walls not stick together
- have myoglobin in blood - allows them to hold 4x more oxygen in blood than us (we just have hemoglobin)
Odontocetes: have one blowhole, one nostril
Mysticetes: have one blowhole, two nostrils
Phylogenetics
The study of relatedness among forms
- similar body structures/characteristics, etc.
- example: finger bones in whale’s flippers and claw bones in land mammals
closest common living ancestor
Hippo’s :)
- Pachayena
- earliest living land-dwelling ancestor
- carniverous predator
- coastal 4-legged mammal
- looked like short-legged panther dog
- Ambulocetus
-had early whale teeth
-“walking whale”
-lived on land but hunted in water
-webbed feet, smaller legs
~48 mya
- Rodhocetus
-more fusiform body shape
-first fossil evidence of fused lower spine
-still had fur
-longer tail
-looked like a crocodie/sea lion
~46 mya
- Basilosaurus
-very fusiform, longer body
-no back legs
-no fur
-lives in water completely
~37 mya