303 Whales midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Cetacean

A

whales, porpoises and dolphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mysticete

A

whales with baleen

  • newer, more advanced (evolutionarily speaking)
  • “mustache” whales
  • usually solitary, live alone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Odontocete

A

toothed whales

  • first whales, older, less advanced (evolutionarily speaking)
  • usually social, live in groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Telescoping

A
  • evolutionary process
  • shows evolution from land animal to marine animal
  • nostrils moving from front of face to top of head
  • elongation of face
  • helps animals breathe easier b/c it doesn’t have to lift it’s head, just has to graze surface to breathe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homodont

A

-all SAME teeth
-baleen
-found in larger cetaceans
-MORE evolutionarily efficient because they just swim thru water and filter feed on small, easily available prey
-uses so much less energy AND they gain more energy by eating “bottom-of-the-food-chain” animals - no energy lost thru trophic levels
(aka “optimal foraging”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heterodont

A
  • all DIFFERENT teeth
  • toothed whales
  • smaller cetaceans
  • LESS evolutionarily efficient because they have to chase their prey and rip it up
  • uses much more energy
  • energy gains are not as much because so much energy lost thru trophic levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blubber

A
  • Fat layer under skin
  • made of fat and connective tissue
  • keeps them warm
  • acts as huge energy reserves
  • allows them to keep their fusiform body shape
  • handy to help with compression of body under extreme pressure
  • gives them density to help move thru water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vestigial

A

part of body that has no longer have a crucial evolutionary role
ex. our appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ventilation & Voluntary breathing

A
  • breathing - whales must surface to breathe in air
  • whales are “voluntary breathers”, not automatic like us
  • this is why they NEVER sleep, because they have to breathe on command and would suffocate if they slept for too long
  • able to push ALL air out of lungs - have special lining on inside that makes lung walls not stick together
  • have myoglobin in blood - allows them to hold 4x more oxygen in blood than us (we just have hemoglobin)

Odontocetes: have one blowhole, one nostril
Mysticetes: have one blowhole, two nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of relatedness among forms

  • similar body structures/characteristics, etc.
  • example: finger bones in whale’s flippers and claw bones in land mammals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

closest common living ancestor

A

Hippo’s :)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. Pachayena
A
  • earliest living land-dwelling ancestor
  • carniverous predator
  • coastal 4-legged mammal
  • looked like short-legged panther dog
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Ambulocetus
A

-had early whale teeth
-“walking whale”
-lived on land but hunted in water
-webbed feet, smaller legs
~48 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Rodhocetus
A

-more fusiform body shape
-first fossil evidence of fused lower spine
-still had fur
-longer tail
-looked like a crocodie/sea lion
~46 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. Basilosaurus
A

-very fusiform, longer body
-no back legs
-no fur
-lives in water completely
~37 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. Dorudon
A

-first development of tail flukes!
-first evidence of a blowhole!
-very sharp teeth (“spear tooth”)
-broad distribution of fossils
~33 mya

17
Q
  1. Brygmophyster
A

-very round skull - first evidence of melon/echolocation!
-sternum bone not connected to ribs - evidence of diving very deep!
-still had teeth - “biting sperm whale”
~30 mya

18
Q
  1. Diorocetus
A

-early baleen whale!
-bottom feeder
-very thin skull - first conformation of echolocation
~30 mya

19
Q

Modern day WHALE diversity

A

~88 species
5-100 feet long
-inhabit all oceans
-all out in ocean, not really anymore in rivers/inland waters

20
Q

Skeleton

A
  • no bones in tail
  • very flexible bones and ribcage
  • fused vertibral column and sternum
  • melon in head for echolocation
  • lil finger/arm bones that form flippers
21
Q

Tail

A
  • powerful and energy efficient propulsion system

- ligaments along spine “snap” tail upwards

22
Q

Integumentary System

A
AKA: skin
3 layers:
1. epidermis - outer layer
2. dermis - in between (kinda intertwined with blubber)
3 hypodermis - blubber
  • NO sebaceous glands (do not excrete anything thru skin)
  • constantly molting patches of skin
  • usually have lots of lil parasites on epidermis
  • sometimes have lil bristles on skin which act as sensors
23
Q

Mechanisms for Thermo-regulation

A

blubber
CCHE
Rete Mirable

24
Q

Ectoparasites

A

lil species that live on skin

-some have medicinal purpose are are beneficial to whale

25
Q

Brain

A
  • largest brain out of all animals (in terms of brain to body size, aka incepalization quotient)
  • has folds - allows for more cognitive functioning
  • have specialized functions
26
Q

Circulation System - Selective warming, CCHE & aortic bulb

A

can shut off circulation to certain areas of body to save energy

  • have “Aortic Bulb” - lil muscle on heart that “super-pumps” the heart in order to get it flowing to entire body
  • CCHE: counter-current heat exchange - allows them to not pump blood into extremeties and keep it all in the core - very energy effecient
27
Q

Sight

A
  • large eyes but not great eyesight
  • sclera is very rigid so they dont pop under pressure
  • primary sense for sight is echolocation

“spyhopping” - when whales lift their head/eyes above the water - believed to be so they can check out whats around on the surface

28
Q

Smell/Taste

A

-lost majority of taste receptors and all of olfactory (smell) receptors

29
Q

Hearing

A
  • no external ear openings

- there’s a space with soft tissue and a few conductive bones

30
Q

Baleen

A

*made out of keratin - same stuff our fingernails are made of

31
Q

Feeding methods

A
  1. Engulfing: opens mouth, sucks all water and food in, shuts mouth, pushes/filters all water out thru baleen
  2. Skimming: sucks in water/food thru baleen, catches small organisms in baleen/mouth
  3. Lunging: gathering prey near surface (bubble-netting) and then lunging thru it with mouth open
  4. Suctioning: suck in sand/bottom sediment and then pushes out water and sand/keeps prey in mouth
32
Q

Stomach & Digestion

A
  • multi-chambered stomachs that contain fermentation bacteria
  • have tough stomach walls to handle plant digestion
  • have very acidic stomachs to break down animal meats
  • have rocks in forestomach to help grind up foods
  • shut down digestive system while diving to save energy and handle pressure better
33
Q

Sperm whale’s head

A
  • 1/3rd of body is their head
  • largest brain out of any animal
  • different groups have different dialects of clicks
34
Q

Spermecete

A
  • oil contained in a sack in sperm whale’s head
  • makes up about 1/4th of their body
  • helps amplify click sounds
  • buoyant when liquid and sinks when solid: helps whale dive/rise
  • whales can control temp of spermecete sack
35
Q

monkey lips

A

lil organ inside sperm whales head

  • looks like a pair of lips
  • this is what makes the click sound
  • can make clicks up to 230 decibles
36
Q

Hydrodynamic state

A

-organs are stored deep within body cavity so their shape stays streamline

37
Q

incephalization quotiant

A

ratio of body size to brain saize

38
Q

Rete Mirable

A

cluster of blood vessels that heats cooler blood from extremeties USING warm blood form core
-very efficient heating system, no extra energy expended to heat blood

39
Q

Brachycardia

A

can slow heart rate voluntarily