274 final exam last

Question 1

induction

Answer 1

conclusion drawn from observation

Question 2

species area relationship formula

Answer 2

S=cAz

S= # of species
c/z=constants that have no mathmatical set value but are dependent on the location and taxinomic group of the species meant to ‘straighten out equation’
A= area

Question 3

equilibrium theory of IBET

Answer 3

of species on an undisturbed island depends on rate of immigration and extinction and will tend towards equilibrium over time

Question 4

IB equilibrium formula

Answer 4

ds/dT = Ys - Ms

Ys= immigration = I-(I/P)S 
Ms = extinction = (E/P)S
ds/dT = difference in species number over time

Question 5

S^

Answer 5

saturated population level - every island has one, doesnt matter when or what kind of species there, there is always a a S^

Question 6

how is immigration in IBET determined?

Answer 6

distance between island and mainland

Question 7

4 assumptions of IBET

Answer 7

1. mainland pool and island species have similar ability to colonize and deal with extinction
2. pop’n size in island proportional to island size, pop’n size inversely related to extinction
3. extinction is independent from predation or competition
4. probability to colonize island based only on distance between island and mainland

Question 8

A, B, C, D IBET points of equilibrium

Answer 8

small far - low I, high E, low species #
small near- high E, high I, low species #
large far - low E, low I, moderate # species
large near - low E, high I, high # of species

Question 9

niche theory

Answer 9

location of organism is based on where they have optimal conditions to fulfill their ecological role.
niches can overlap or be re-filled

Question 10

metapopulation

Answer 10

popn that occurs in fragments or patches

Question 11

propagule

Answer 11

mechanism that spreads organism to next life stage (spores, seeds, sperm….)

Question 12

PVA

Answer 12

Popn Viability Analysis
Pn = (1-Pe)n

Pn = probability popn will go extinct within a given # of years
Pe = probability popn will go extinct
n = number of years

Question 13

f

Answer 13

fraction of occupied habitat patches

Question 14

discrete popn

Answer 14

popn with a finite range

Question 15

I (pva)

Answer 15

immigration rate - proportion of sites that have been sucessfully colonized
depends on: f, availability of vacant sites

Question 16

E (pva)

Answer 16

extinction rate - proportion of sites extinct over time

Question 17

r

Answer 17

intrinsic rate of increase
if positive: exponential pop growth
if negative: approaches 0, extinction likely

Question 18

6 assumptions of PVA model

Answer 18

1. homogenous patches
2. always large # of patches
3. no time lags
4. spatial arrangement of patches no matter
5. Pe and Pi dependent on f
6. Pe and Pi always constant

Question 19

consequences of extinction

Answer 19

• messes up earth system which human depend on for survival

- loss of energy transfer in ocean (zooplankton and copapods becoming extinct)

Question 20

lower adaptibilty

Answer 20

smaller pop, less individuals to breed with, slow-no growth in variation of gene pool, inbreeding, genetic issues