ANTH 100 Flashcards
1
Q
Culture (according to Lenekeit)
A
-total sum of knowledge, ideas, behaviors and material creations transmitted primarily through the symbolic system of language
2
Q
4 traditional sub-themes of anthropology & definitions
A
Cultural
Linguistics (study of the nature, structure, history and social aspects of human language)
Archaeology (study of material evidence of past human remains + modification of the physical environment)
Biological
3
Q
Ethnographers VS. Ethnologists
A
Ethnographers: describe culture by gathering observational data within a culture
Ethnologists: pull together and analyze data from different ethnologists
4
Q
participant observation
A
researcher participates in culture while also observing it
5
Q
primatology
A
study of non-human primates with a anthropological framework
6
Q
paleoanthropology
A
study of early human biology and culture / recovery and analysis of early human biological and cultural evidence
7
Q
7 key elements of anth
HEECCQL
A
Holistic, Evolutionary, Evidence Comparative, Change, Qualitative, Linkages,
8
Q
Lewis Henry Morgan
A
First ethnography to analyze a Native American Group
-developed “unilinear theory of cultural evolution” : every society begins as savages and either progress to civilzation or barbarism
9
Q
When/Where did anth emerge?
A
1800’s in Europe
10
Q
Franz Boas
A
developed:
- “cultural relativism” (a person’s beliefs and actions are based on their culture)
- “historical particulrism” (each society is a representation of it’s unique historical past)
- the four sub-feilds of anth
11
Q
Emic VS. Etic
A
EMIC: Insider’s view
ETIC: Outsider’s view
12
Q
characteristics of culture
lasshp
A
- learned
- adaptive
- shared
- symbolic
- holisitic
- patterned
13
Q
Community VS. Group
A
Community: people who share a physical geographical space
Group: people who share a culture
14
Q
Identity markers
A
ethnicity, social class, religion, age, gender…
15
Q
Homogenous VS. Heterogenous cultures
A
Homo: group that shares most identity markers (Hadza people of Tanzania)
Hetero: group that has a wide variety of differnent identity makers (USA)
16
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
thinking your cultural customs are “right” and other’s are “wrong”
17
Q
Culture-bound disorder
A
a disease/disorder that is specific to a particular ethnic group (sickle-cell anemia)
18
Q
Dependence VS. Independence training
A
Dependence: child-raising practices that supports the family unit over the individual
Independence: child-raising practices that foster’s a child’s reilance on themself
19
Q
Ideal VS. Real Behavior
A
ideal: what people say/think they do
real: what people do
20
Q
Informants
A
trusted members of a society that gives info to an enthnographer
21
Q
3 kinds of samples
A
- Random: ethnographer’s goal is for everyone to have an equal chance of being interviewed
- Judgement: ethnographer chooses informants based in skills, knowledge, insight and sensitivity
- Snowball: one informant refers the ethnographer to the next
22
Q
Enculturation VS. Acculturation
A
Enculturation: process by which one learns their FIRST culture - in childhood
Acculturation: process by which one learns a second/third/fourth culture - can be in childhood or adulthood
23
Q
5 things that human’s capacity for culture depends on
A
- Transmission: ability to copy behavior by observing, imitating, learning
- Memory: ability to remember behaviors
- Reiteration: ability to reproduce behaviors
- Innovation: ability to use knowledge to develop new behaviors
- Selection: ability to know which behaviors to keep or discard
24
Q
Assimilation
A
changing your cultural practices to become more like the dominant culture
25
Distinguishing characteristics of primates
```
nails
prehensile hands (and feet)
stereoscopic vision (forward-facing eyes)
large brains
small # of offspring
long period of infant dependency
diurnal (awake during day)
arboreal
social
non-specialized diets (omnivorous)
```
26
3 MAIN diets of primates
Insectivory (bugs)
Furgivory (fruits)
Folivory (leaves)
sometimes animal meat but not that often
27
Strepsirhines VS. Haplorhines
```
Strepsirhines: "wet nose"
rely on sense of smell
outward facing nostrils
prognathic face
lemurs, lorises
```
```
Haplorhines: "dry nose"
rely on vision and touch
larger/more complex brains
flatter faces and fewer teeth
more parental investment
apes, humans, monekys
```
This was the first split on the genetic tree
28
Platyrrhines VS. Catarrhines
Platyrrhines: "new world monkeys"
ONLY found in S. america
flat (flat-plat) nosed, sideways nostrils
small sexual dimorphism
prehensile tails
spider monkeys, capuchins, howler monkeys
```
Cattarhines: "old world monkeys"
found in Africa/Asia
pointier nose, downward nosrils
large sexual dimorphism
no tail
baboons, snub-nosed monkeys
```
29
bushmeat
monkey, ape, animal meat
huge cause of population decline of primates
said to have medicinal properties
30
Tarsiers
it's own category (but lumped into the haplorihines)
only primate that is completely carnivorous
each eyeball is as big as their brain
largest eyeball size among primates
teeth pattern unchanged for ~45 million years
31
Hylobatidae VS. Hominidae
Hylobatidae: "lesser apes"
gibbons, siamangs
Hominidae: "great apes"
humans, gorillas, chimps, orangutans
32
which primates are human's closest living relatives?
bonobos and chimps
33
why do we PLAY?
```
evolutionary behavior
way to learn
builds relationships
fosters trust
develops cognitive skills
cultural identity builder
way to just have fun/pass time
something ALL HUMANS, PRIMATES AND ANIMALS DO
```
34
2 pillars of morailty
empathy and reciprocity
35
defining APE characteristics
```
brachiation
developed shoulders
no tail
large size
knuckle-walking & bipedalism
big brains in relation to body
upright posture
greater flexibilty in finger, toes, wrist, ankle joints
```
36
Hominins
habitually bipedal apes
| us!
37
smallest and largest ape species
smallest: Gibbons - mate for life, specific songs for communication, highly poached and endangered
largest: Gorillas - folivorous, live in troops led by dominant males, sub-species have diff. patterns of aggression
38
Pan Troglodytes (common chimp)
- omnivorous
- arboreal and terrestrial, have funny sideways walk
- live in large troops with big families and dominant males and females
- knuckle-walkers
- tool users and hunters
- very territorial, can be violent
- Jane Goodall
- live 40-50 years in wild
- very muscular upper body, hunky
- white beard and bald when they age
- show qualities of mourning
39
Pan Paniscus (bonobos)
- peaceful, very sexual
- omnivorous
- leaner muscle - grassile bodies
- society led by females
- egalitarian society
- dont go bald
- more even weight distribution and upright posture
- no documentation of tool use
40
Human traits that allowed us to evolve from ancestors into modern humans
- grasping ability and dexterity
- depth perception and color vision
- very fast learning ability
- parental investment
- social cooperation/ability to oraganize
- tool use
41
culture among non-human primates
- different sounds for communication (language)
- diff foods in diff groups (cultural food)
- tool use among diff groups (artifacts)
- behavioral patterns used and passed down (traditions)
42
difference between apes and humans
- trust of strangers
- larger unspoken commitments (money, safety...)
- general technological advances
43
fossil
evidence of past life forms
| in ANTH: any type of early human remains (bones, tools, cities...)
44
uniformitarianism
the present is the key to the past
45
law of superposition
unless there was a disturbance, the top layer is the youngest and the bottom layer is the oldest
46
Osteology
study of the human skeleton
47
bones that preserve the best
teeth, jaw, skull
| bones below the head - "post-cranial" - dont preserve well
48
common dating techniques
1. potassium-argon dating : best for 200,000+ year old stuff, K turns into Ar over time, amount of K:Ar tells you how old something is roughly
2. radio-carbon dating (aka C-14 dating): god for stuff up to 50,000 yrs old, C14 begins to decay at death, amount of C14 left tells you how old it is roughly
3. dating by association: things found in same layer/area of something else said to be roughly the same age
49
"killer ape hypothesis"
theory that aggression and war was the driving force behind human evolution and success over other species - individuals that survived/thrived did so by establishing themselves with aggression
50
possible explinations for bipedalism:
1. carrying more stuff/babies
2. effective heat distribution
3. increase height
4. walking in trees
5. less energy use to move body / greater endurance (compared to 4 legs)
51
negative aspects to bipedalism
1. stress on skeleton
2. slower movement
3. harder to get into small spaces
52
Taphonomy
study of the processes that break down/alter remains after death
53
humans vs. primates
Hyoid bone: bone in human's neck that allows us to have a huge range of vocalization - something unique to our species - BUT we are the most prone to choking because of this adaption
HUGE brains: biggest most complex brain of all primates
Babies: born with NO skills and NO chance of survival without another human, longest period of dependency
Tools: FIRE, food processing tools, technology...
Skeleton: Bipedalism, knee able to lock in place, femur angled inwards, flat feet with arch and non-grasping toes
54
A. Afarensis
- grassile, lean bodies
- 2 major fossil sites: Hadar (ethiopia), Laetoli (tanzania)
- well-adapted to climbing but def. spent 1/2 time on ground
- LUCY: adult female, discovered 1974, 3ft 7in tall, ~65 lbs, bipedal, found in Hadar
- LUCY's BABY: died 1 million years before Lucy, ~3 years old at death, only remains found in N. Africa, oldest A. Afarensis fossil ever found, bipedal
55
Australopithecines
```
~4.2 mya
-early human-like species
-adapted to bushlands, savannahs, edges of water bodies
-at least 6 species
-large back molars
~2.5-1.4 mya split into Homo Habilis
~200,000 ya Homo Sapiens emerge
```
56
Homo Naledi
- new hominin species discovered in S. Africa
- back of small cave system
- 15 individuals
- not sure how old they are
- evidence of burial practice
57
Neandertals
- overlapped in time & interbred with homo sapiens
- extinct ~30,000 ya
- evolved in Europe/Asia
- occipital buns, longer/skinnier skull shape, shorter/robust bodies, broad faces and noses, brow ridge, some had blonde/red hair and light skin
- possible that scottish/irish/italian people have lots of DNA from neanders?
- Neander DNA still very present in modern day humans
58
Bilateral descent
group lineage traced through the mothers and fathers equally
59
Unilateral decesent
lineage traced through only the mother's (matrilineal) or only the father's (patrilineal) side of the family
60
types of locality
1. Neolocality: starting a new home away from parents
2. Matrilocality OR Patrilocality: living with/expected to live with mother's or father's family
3. Avuncalocality: living with mom's eldest brotehr, very rare, 4% of global societies
61
Fam of Orientation VS. Fam of Procreation
Orientation: fam you were born into
Procreation: fam you chose to create/live in
62
Types of spousal relationships
1. Monogamy: 1 spouse
2. Polygamy: more than 1 spouse
3. Polygyny: multiple wives
4. Polyandry: mulitple husbands
5. Fraternal Polyandry: multiple husbands that are all brothers (ex. Tibet)
63
Marriage
- changes social status and expectations
- regulates sex
- symbolically marked
- creates kinship between 2 fam groups
64
Sex VS. Gender VS. Orientation
sex: whats in your pants, biological
gender: what pants you wear, social
orientation: who's pants you want to get into
65
Hijras
3rd gender categories in various cultures that are often sought out for spiritual advice
66
Hermaphrodite VS. Transvestite VS. Cisgender
Hermaphrodite: born with both male and female genetalia
Transvestite: wears clothing of opposite sex
Cisgender: biological and culturally the same sex
67
Fa'afafine
- boys raised as girls
- SAmoa
- varied sexual orientations
68
Burnessha
- girls that take on male gender roles when man is not present
- Albania
- sworn virgins
- get to smoke and drink
69
Types of sexual orientation
```
Androphelia = likes boys
Gynephelia = likes girls
Ambiphelia = likes both
```
70
Etoro
- tribe in papua, new guinea
- semen=life force
- cumming during sex with lady = depleting life force
- male-female sex ONLY for reproduction
- sex btwn men and boys is normal, a way to pass on life force
71
Linguistic Relativity (aka Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)
the structure of language affects the speaker's cognition
- strong linguistic relativity: language determines thought
- weak ling. relativity: language influences thought
- "cultural model" : implicit, non-concious construction of what is "real" and "natural", shared by a group and underlyingly embedded in language
72
Linguistic Insecurity
- feelings that one's language does not conform to the percieved standard
- often related to race, gender or class differenced in speech standards
- this can lead to phonetic shifts
- Example: when teenagers talk differently to their friends than to their parents
- can be concious or unconcious
73
Site Vs. Feature
Site: precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity
Feature: non-portable remains, house, well, castle, etc
74
Stratigraphy
examines accumulation of sediment in layers of strata
75
Artifact
object that was deliberatley and intelligently shaped by human/near-human past activity
76
"upper paleolithic revolution"
~40-30,000 ya
- anatomically modern humans
- emergence of art
- more complex technologies
77
20,000-15,000 YA
- domestification of dogs
- people spread further out of europe/asia into siberia, belgium, russia
- colonization of Americas begins
78
15,000-10,000 YA
- transition from foraging to food production
- megafauna lived in N. America
- significant population growth
- civilazation & social / political organization emerges more
- writing emerges
- domestification of plants/animals leads to less nomadic life style
79
"neolithic revolution"
- tranisition from hunting/gathering to farming
- settlements
- labor divisions
- expansion of trade
- development of states
80
The Natufians
- nomadic foragers in Middle East 12-10 thousand YA
- establishment of villages caused by need for place to store grains
- cultivation/domestification of grains led to higher yeilds, larger seeds, loss of natural dispersal mechanisms
81
Trade-offs of plant domestification
security vs. risks
settlement vs. mobility
increased supply vs. growing demend
82
Pastoralism
- focuses on domestification of larger, herd animals
- reliance on animals for food and money
- symbiotic relationship btwn humans and animals
83
Mesopotamia
Emerged ~5,000 YA
- huge civilization
- modern-day Iraq
- 1st civilazation
84
characteristics of civilizations
- agricultural base
- state level political organization
- architecture/monuments
- at least one "city"
- writing system
85
social stratification
- social divisions based upon wealth and power
| - "social elite"marked by emergence of luxury goods, elaborate burials, monuments dedicated to them...
86
types of societies
1. Egalitarian (aka Class) : social status based on age, gender, talents, achievements, qualities, everyone born with equal oppourtunity, can move up/down btwn classes
2. Ranked (aka Caste) : born into your social class, hereditary inequality, no wiggle room between classes
87
Cunieform
-early system of writing used in mesopotamia to keep records of trading
88
possible causes of collapses of civilizations
1. Ecological: climate change, natural disaster, disease...
2. Social/Political: failure of trade, conflict with others, internal conflict, leadership...
3. Ideological: too many resources spent on wrong thing (religion, etc.)...
89
Human subsistance
- past 2 MY: increased meat eating and emergence of cooking
- domestification of plants/animals
- agriculture ( past 10 MY )
- industrialization ( past 200 years)
90
Historic Archaeology
focuses on specific area and time period for which records usually already exist
91
Contemporary Archaeology
- garbology
- space trash
- forensic science
92
Pseudoarchaeology
interpretations of the past using evidence from outside the science/archaeology community
(ex. paranormal, aliens, cult stuff....)
93
different types of food-getting
- growing your own
- foraging
- grocery stores
- restaurants
94
4 types of reciprocity
1. Reciprocity: social rule that governs sharing
2. generalized reciprocity: no set timeline, give something recieve something
3. Balanced reciprocity: usually expected to give back/recieve favor in a short amount of time
4. Environmental reciprocity: you take care of the environment, it will take care of you
95
leveling mechanism
a social way to keep ego in check / to make sure no one gets too full of themselves
96
4 kinds of food producers
hortculturalist
pastorialist
agriculturalist
industrialist
97
San bushman
nomadic tribe in the Kalahari Desert
98
Redistribution
- type of economic system
- central entity collects resources and re-distributes it evenly throughout society
- example: taxes
99
market economy
economic system in which prices for goods and services are set by supply and demand
-example: cowry shell money
100
Agriculturalists
- use same plots of land over and over
- use machinery, irrigation, fertilizer
- large-scale
101
Intensive agriculturalists
- very large scale
| - unequal distribution of money and food
102
Horticulturalists
- rotate plots of land
- does not use intensive labor/machinery
- small-scale
- uses swidden cultivation
- example: rice cultivation in Madagascar
103
swidden cultivation
burning land to clear space for crops
104
Industrialists
- relies on machines alot
- cheaper/more food production
- uses CAFO's
- huge-scale
- seen in market economies
105
power
the ability to control another person to make them do something
-can be persuasive (sneaky) or coersive (mean)
106
authority
use of legitimate power
107
prestige
postitve reputation that can only can be given by others
108
internalized controls
personal feelings that guide you towards "right" behavior
| -personal morals, shame, guilt...
109
"shame" culture
doing the right thing to not let other people down
110
"guilt" culture
doing the right thing to not let yourself down
111
externalized controls
rules that regulate behavior by encouraging you to do the right thing
example: laws
112
decentralized vs. centralized power
decentralized: no central governing body, punishments imposed by community members, smaller communities
centralized: ruling authority given to one person/group, larger more complex states
113
band
```
~50-100 people
rely mostly on hunting/gathering/foraging
sometimes nomadic
decentralized power
egalitarian society
```
114
tribe
~100+ people
decentralized power BUT leaders/advisors exist
horticulturalists/pastoralists
"big man"
115
sodalities
groups that bring people together thru common age, concerns or interest
example: chess club
116
cheifdoms
```
larger societies
intensive agriculturalists
centralized, hereditary power
one main cheif and other lesser cheifs
example: old hawaii
```
117
state
```
large societies
centralized power
industrialists
formal laws/behavior
common to see sub-populations
```
118
social mobility
ability to move up/down in social class
119
"cultural materialism"
social organization is directly related to whatever adaptions are needed in a society's given environment
120
achieved status
social status based on personal achievments
| example: being high class 'cuz u grad'd from harvard or u a doctor
121
6 types of ethnic politics
1. Pluralism: all ethnic groups exist in harmony
2. Long-term Subjugation: 2 ethic groups coexist under dominant group's ways
3. Assimilation: minority is absorbed into dominant ethic group
4. Population Transfer: 1 ethnic group is forced to relocate because of hardships imposed by another ethnic group
5. Legal Protection: 1 ethnic group has to be legally protected because another ethnic group is tryna fuck wit dem
6. Intergroup Conflicts: genocide or ethnic cleansing - shit is bad
122
raid VS. feud VS. warfare
Raid: stealing from another group
Feud: long-term hostility btwn 2 ethnic groups
Warfare: large-scale violent conflict, weapons, technology
123
naturalising discourses
explinations for behavior based on identity markers
| example: being smart cuz ur asian, being good @ sports cause ur black
124
Kwaksistalla
Speaker for Kwakwaka'wkaw FN
other name: Adam Smith
-hidden away from residential schools and learned all TEK - he was a vessel thru that time for all the TEK that could have been lost
-3-4 generations worth of TEK
125
Advantages to polygamy
- enough resources to support fam
- keeps all land in fam
- shared responsibilty
- limits population
126
Disadvantages to polygamy
- wife has sexual perference to 1 husband
- decision making power probably held more by older bros
- health impact on wife b/c shes having so many babies
- inheritance issues b/c of so many kids
127
Limnality
space and or time inbetween 2 things
| example: week after you finish all your classes in undergrad but havnt gone thru grad ceremony yet
128
Preliminal AKA separation
stage/activities right before transition
129
Postliminal AKA reincorporation
stage/activities right after transition
130
communitas
group you join after transition - bonded because you have all gone thru the same thing
131
Bruntland commission world goal
"meeting needs of today without compromising future generations ability to meet their needs
132
3 pillars of sustainability (EES)
environmental (most important pillar)
economic
social
133
Globalization
integration of economic, social and political processes around the whole world
- as economic growth goes up and environmental health goes down (INVERSE relationship)
- creates higher inequality - best conditions in developed countries, worst in developing countries
134
globalization case study: Chocolate
gbago and outerra
