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ANTH 100 Flashcards

1
Q

Culture (according to Lenekeit)

A

-total sum of knowledge, ideas, behaviors and material creations transmitted primarily through the symbolic system of language

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2
Q

4 traditional sub-themes of anthropology & definitions

A

Cultural
Linguistics (study of the nature, structure, history and social aspects of human language)
Archaeology (study of material evidence of past human remains + modification of the physical environment)
Biological

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3
Q

Ethnographers VS. Ethnologists

A

Ethnographers: describe culture by gathering observational data within a culture
Ethnologists: pull together and analyze data from different ethnologists

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4
Q

participant observation

A

researcher participates in culture while also observing it

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5
Q

primatology

A

study of non-human primates with a anthropological framework

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6
Q

paleoanthropology

A

study of early human biology and culture / recovery and analysis of early human biological and cultural evidence

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7
Q

7 key elements of anth

HEECCQL

A

Holistic, Evolutionary, Evidence Comparative, Change, Qualitative, Linkages,

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8
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

First ethnography to analyze a Native American Group
-developed “unilinear theory of cultural evolution” : every society begins as savages and either progress to civilzation or barbarism

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9
Q

When/Where did anth emerge?

A

1800’s in Europe

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10
Q

Franz Boas

A

developed:

  1. “cultural relativism” (a person’s beliefs and actions are based on their culture)
  2. “historical particulrism” (each society is a representation of it’s unique historical past)
  3. the four sub-feilds of anth
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11
Q

Emic VS. Etic

A

EMIC: Insider’s view
ETIC: Outsider’s view

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12
Q

characteristics of culture

lasshp

A
  • learned
  • adaptive
  • shared
  • symbolic
  • holisitic
  • patterned
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13
Q

Community VS. Group

A

Community: people who share a physical geographical space
Group: people who share a culture

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14
Q

Identity markers

A

ethnicity, social class, religion, age, gender…

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15
Q

Homogenous VS. Heterogenous cultures

A

Homo: group that shares most identity markers (Hadza people of Tanzania)
Hetero: group that has a wide variety of differnent identity makers (USA)

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16
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

thinking your cultural customs are “right” and other’s are “wrong”

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17
Q

Culture-bound disorder

A

a disease/disorder that is specific to a particular ethnic group (sickle-cell anemia)

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18
Q

Dependence VS. Independence training

A

Dependence: child-raising practices that supports the family unit over the individual
Independence: child-raising practices that foster’s a child’s reilance on themself

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19
Q

Ideal VS. Real Behavior

A

ideal: what people say/think they do
real: what people do

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20
Q

Informants

A

trusted members of a society that gives info to an enthnographer

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21
Q

3 kinds of samples

A
  1. Random: ethnographer’s goal is for everyone to have an equal chance of being interviewed
  2. Judgement: ethnographer chooses informants based in skills, knowledge, insight and sensitivity
  3. Snowball: one informant refers the ethnographer to the next
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22
Q

Enculturation VS. Acculturation

A

Enculturation: process by which one learns their FIRST culture - in childhood
Acculturation: process by which one learns a second/third/fourth culture - can be in childhood or adulthood

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23
Q

5 things that human’s capacity for culture depends on

A
  1. Transmission: ability to copy behavior by observing, imitating, learning
  2. Memory: ability to remember behaviors
  3. Reiteration: ability to reproduce behaviors
  4. Innovation: ability to use knowledge to develop new behaviors
  5. Selection: ability to know which behaviors to keep or discard
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24
Q

Assimilation

A

changing your cultural practices to become more like the dominant culture

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25
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of primates

A 
nails
prehensile hands (and feet)
stereoscopic vision (forward-facing eyes)
large brains
small # of offspring
long period of infant dependency
diurnal (awake during day)
arboreal
social
non-specialized diets (omnivorous)
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26
Q

3 MAIN diets of primates

A

Insectivory (bugs)
Furgivory (fruits)
Folivory (leaves)
sometimes animal meat but not that often

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27
Q

Strepsirhines VS. Haplorhines

A 
Strepsirhines: "wet nose"
rely on sense of smell
outward facing nostrils
prognathic face
lemurs, lorises
Haplorhines: "dry nose"
rely on vision and touch
larger/more complex brains
flatter faces and fewer teeth
more parental investment
apes, humans, monekys

This was the first split on the genetic tree

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28
Q

Platyrrhines VS. Catarrhines

A

Platyrrhines: “new world monkeys”
ONLY found in S. america
flat (flat-plat) nosed, sideways nostrils
small sexual dimorphism
prehensile tails
spider monkeys, capuchins, howler monkeys

Cattarhines: "old world monkeys"
found in Africa/Asia
pointier nose, downward nosrils
large sexual dimorphism
no tail
baboons, snub-nosed monkeys
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29
Q

bushmeat

A

monkey, ape, animal meat
huge cause of population decline of primates
said to have medicinal properties

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30
Q

Tarsiers

A

it’s own category (but lumped into the haplorihines)
only primate that is completely carnivorous
each eyeball is as big as their brain
largest eyeball size among primates
teeth pattern unchanged for ~45 million years

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31
Q

Hylobatidae VS. Hominidae

A

Hylobatidae: “lesser apes”
gibbons, siamangs

Hominidae: “great apes”
humans, gorillas, chimps, orangutans

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32
Q

which primates are human’s closest living relatives?

A

bonobos and chimps

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33
Q

why do we PLAY?

A 
evolutionary behavior
way to learn
builds relationships
fosters trust
develops cognitive skills
cultural identity builder
way to just have fun/pass time
something ALL HUMANS, PRIMATES AND ANIMALS DO
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34
Q

2 pillars of morailty

A

empathy and reciprocity

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35
Q

defining APE characteristics

A 
brachiation
developed shoulders
no tail
large size
knuckle-walking & bipedalism 
big brains in relation to body
upright posture
greater flexibilty in finger, toes, wrist, ankle joints
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36
Q

Hominins

A

habitually bipedal apes

us!

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37
Q

smallest and largest ape species

A

smallest: Gibbons - mate for life, specific songs for communication, highly poached and endangered
largest: Gorillas - folivorous, live in troops led by dominant males, sub-species have diff. patterns of aggression

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38
Q

Pan Troglodytes (common chimp)

A
  • omnivorous
  • arboreal and terrestrial, have funny sideways walk
  • live in large troops with big families and dominant males and females
  • knuckle-walkers
  • tool users and hunters
  • very territorial, can be violent
  • Jane Goodall
  • live 40-50 years in wild
  • very muscular upper body, hunky
  • white beard and bald when they age
  • show qualities of mourning
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39
Q

Pan Paniscus (bonobos)

A
  • peaceful, very sexual
  • omnivorous
  • leaner muscle - grassile bodies
  • society led by females
  • egalitarian society
  • dont go bald
  • more even weight distribution and upright posture
  • no documentation of tool use
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40
Q

Human traits that allowed us to evolve from ancestors into modern humans

A
  • grasping ability and dexterity
  • depth perception and color vision
  • very fast learning ability
  • parental investment
  • social cooperation/ability to oraganize
  • tool use
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41
Q

culture among non-human primates

A
  • different sounds for communication (language)
  • diff foods in diff groups (cultural food)
  • tool use among diff groups (artifacts)
  • behavioral patterns used and passed down (traditions)
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42
Q

difference between apes and humans

A
  • trust of strangers
  • larger unspoken commitments (money, safety…)
  • general technological advances
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43
Q

fossil

A

evidence of past life forms

in ANTH: any type of early human remains (bones, tools, cities…)

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44
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the present is the key to the past

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45
Q

law of superposition

A

unless there was a disturbance, the top layer is the youngest and the bottom layer is the oldest

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46
Q

Osteology

A

study of the human skeleton

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47
Q

bones that preserve the best

A

teeth, jaw, skull

bones below the head - “post-cranial” - dont preserve well

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48
Q

common dating techniques

A
  1. potassium-argon dating : best for 200,000+ year old stuff, K turns into Ar over time, amount of K:Ar tells you how old something is roughly
  2. radio-carbon dating (aka C-14 dating): god for stuff up to 50,000 yrs old, C14 begins to decay at death, amount of C14 left tells you how old it is roughly
  3. dating by association: things found in same layer/area of something else said to be roughly the same age
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49
Q

“killer ape hypothesis”

A

theory that aggression and war was the driving force behind human evolution and success over other species - individuals that survived/thrived did so by establishing themselves with aggression

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50
Q

possible explinations for bipedalism:

A
  1. carrying more stuff/babies
  2. effective heat distribution
  3. increase height
  4. walking in trees
  5. less energy use to move body / greater endurance (compared to 4 legs)
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51
Q

negative aspects to bipedalism

A
  1. stress on skeleton
  2. slower movement
  3. harder to get into small spaces
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52
Q

Taphonomy

A

study of the processes that break down/alter remains after death

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53
Q

humans vs. primates

A

Hyoid bone: bone in human’s neck that allows us to have a huge range of vocalization - something unique to our species - BUT we are the most prone to choking because of this adaption

HUGE brains: biggest most complex brain of all primates

Babies: born with NO skills and NO chance of survival without another human, longest period of dependency

Tools: FIRE, food processing tools, technology…

Skeleton: Bipedalism, knee able to lock in place, femur angled inwards, flat feet with arch and non-grasping toes

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54
Q

A. Afarensis

A
  • grassile, lean bodies
  • 2 major fossil sites: Hadar (ethiopia), Laetoli (tanzania)
  • well-adapted to climbing but def. spent 1/2 time on ground
  • LUCY: adult female, discovered 1974, 3ft 7in tall, ~65 lbs, bipedal, found in Hadar
  • LUCY’s BABY: died 1 million years before Lucy, ~3 years old at death, only remains found in N. Africa, oldest A. Afarensis fossil ever found, bipedal
55
Q

Australopithecines

A 
~4.2 mya
-early human-like species
-adapted to bushlands, savannahs, edges of water bodies
-at least 6 species
-large back molars
~2.5-1.4 mya split into Homo Habilis
~200,000 ya Homo Sapiens emerge
56
Q

Homo Naledi

A
  • new hominin species discovered in S. Africa
  • back of small cave system
  • 15 individuals
  • not sure how old they are
  • evidence of burial practice
57
Q

Neandertals

A
  • overlapped in time & interbred with homo sapiens
  • extinct ~30,000 ya
  • evolved in Europe/Asia
  • occipital buns, longer/skinnier skull shape, shorter/robust bodies, broad faces and noses, brow ridge, some had blonde/red hair and light skin
  • possible that scottish/irish/italian people have lots of DNA from neanders?
  • Neander DNA still very present in modern day humans
58
Q

Bilateral descent

A

group lineage traced through the mothers and fathers equally

59
Q

Unilateral decesent

A

lineage traced through only the mother’s (matrilineal) or only the father’s (patrilineal) side of the family

60
Q

types of locality

A
  1. Neolocality: starting a new home away from parents
  2. Matrilocality OR Patrilocality: living with/expected to live with mother’s or father’s family
  3. Avuncalocality: living with mom’s eldest brotehr, very rare, 4% of global societies
61
Q

Fam of Orientation VS. Fam of Procreation

A

Orientation: fam you were born into
Procreation: fam you chose to create/live in

62
Q

Types of spousal relationships

A
  1. Monogamy: 1 spouse
  2. Polygamy: more than 1 spouse
  3. Polygyny: multiple wives
  4. Polyandry: mulitple husbands
  5. Fraternal Polyandry: multiple husbands that are all brothers (ex. Tibet)
63
Q

Marriage

A
  • changes social status and expectations
  • regulates sex
  • symbolically marked
  • creates kinship between 2 fam groups
64
Q

Sex VS. Gender VS. Orientation

A

sex: whats in your pants, biological
gender: what pants you wear, social
orientation: who’s pants you want to get into

65
Q

Hijras

A

3rd gender categories in various cultures that are often sought out for spiritual advice

66
Q

Hermaphrodite VS. Transvestite VS. Cisgender

A

Hermaphrodite: born with both male and female genetalia
Transvestite: wears clothing of opposite sex
Cisgender: biological and culturally the same sex

67
Q

Fa’afafine

A
  • boys raised as girls
  • SAmoa
  • varied sexual orientations
68
Q

Burnessha

A
  • girls that take on male gender roles when man is not present
  • Albania
  • sworn virgins
  • get to smoke and drink
69
Q

Types of sexual orientation

A 
Androphelia = likes boys
Gynephelia = likes girls
Ambiphelia = likes both
70
Q

Etoro

A
  • tribe in papua, new guinea
  • semen=life force
  • cumming during sex with lady = depleting life force
  • male-female sex ONLY for reproduction
  • sex btwn men and boys is normal, a way to pass on life force
71
Q

Linguistic Relativity (aka Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)

A

the structure of language affects the speaker’s cognition

  • strong linguistic relativity: language determines thought
  • weak ling. relativity: language influences thought
  • “cultural model” : implicit, non-concious construction of what is “real” and “natural”, shared by a group and underlyingly embedded in language
72
Q

Linguistic Insecurity

A
  • feelings that one’s language does not conform to the percieved standard
  • often related to race, gender or class differenced in speech standards
  • this can lead to phonetic shifts
  • Example: when teenagers talk differently to their friends than to their parents
  • can be concious or unconcious
73
Q

Site Vs. Feature

A

Site: precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity

Feature: non-portable remains, house, well, castle, etc

74
Q

Stratigraphy

A

examines accumulation of sediment in layers of strata

75
Q

Artifact

A

object that was deliberatley and intelligently shaped by human/near-human past activity

76
Q

“upper paleolithic revolution”

A

~40-30,000 ya

  • anatomically modern humans
  • emergence of art
  • more complex technologies
77
Q

20,000-15,000 YA

A
  • domestification of dogs
  • people spread further out of europe/asia into siberia, belgium, russia
  • colonization of Americas begins
78
Q

15,000-10,000 YA

A
  • transition from foraging to food production
  • megafauna lived in N. America
  • significant population growth
  • civilazation & social / political organization emerges more
  • writing emerges
  • domestification of plants/animals leads to less nomadic life style
79
Q

“neolithic revolution”

A
  • tranisition from hunting/gathering to farming
  • settlements
  • labor divisions
  • expansion of trade
  • development of states
80
Q

The Natufians

A
  • nomadic foragers in Middle East 12-10 thousand YA
  • establishment of villages caused by need for place to store grains
  • cultivation/domestification of grains led to higher yeilds, larger seeds, loss of natural dispersal mechanisms
81
Q

Trade-offs of plant domestification

A

security vs. risks
settlement vs. mobility
increased supply vs. growing demend

82
Q

Pastoralism

A
  • focuses on domestification of larger, herd animals
  • reliance on animals for food and money
  • symbiotic relationship btwn humans and animals
83
Q

Mesopotamia

A

Emerged ~5,000 YA

  • huge civilization
  • modern-day Iraq
  • 1st civilazation
84
Q

characteristics of civilizations

A
  • agricultural base
  • state level political organization
  • architecture/monuments
  • at least one “city”
  • writing system
85
Q

social stratification

A
  • social divisions based upon wealth and power

- “social elite”marked by emergence of luxury goods, elaborate burials, monuments dedicated to them…

86
Q

types of societies

A
  1. Egalitarian (aka Class) : social status based on age, gender, talents, achievements, qualities, everyone born with equal oppourtunity, can move up/down btwn classes
  2. Ranked (aka Caste) : born into your social class, hereditary inequality, no wiggle room between classes
87
Q

Cunieform

A

-early system of writing used in mesopotamia to keep records of trading

88
Q

possible causes of collapses of civilizations

A
  1. Ecological: climate change, natural disaster, disease…
  2. Social/Political: failure of trade, conflict with others, internal conflict, leadership…
  3. Ideological: too many resources spent on wrong thing (religion, etc.)…
89
Q

Human subsistance

A
  • past 2 MY: increased meat eating and emergence of cooking
  • domestification of plants/animals
  • agriculture ( past 10 MY )
  • industrialization ( past 200 years)
90
Q

Historic Archaeology

A

focuses on specific area and time period for which records usually already exist

91
Q

Contemporary Archaeology

A
  • garbology
  • space trash
  • forensic science
92
Q

Pseudoarchaeology

A

interpretations of the past using evidence from outside the science/archaeology community
(ex. paranormal, aliens, cult stuff….)

93
Q

different types of food-getting

A
  • growing your own
  • foraging
  • grocery stores
  • restaurants
94
Q

4 types of reciprocity

A
  1. Reciprocity: social rule that governs sharing
  2. generalized reciprocity: no set timeline, give something recieve something
  3. Balanced reciprocity: usually expected to give back/recieve favor in a short amount of time
  4. Environmental reciprocity: you take care of the environment, it will take care of you
95
Q

leveling mechanism

A

a social way to keep ego in check / to make sure no one gets too full of themselves

96
Q

4 kinds of food producers

A

hortculturalist
pastorialist
agriculturalist
industrialist

97
Q

San bushman

A

nomadic tribe in the Kalahari Desert

98
Q

Redistribution

A
  • type of economic system
  • central entity collects resources and re-distributes it evenly throughout society
  • example: taxes
99
Q

market economy

A

economic system in which prices for goods and services are set by supply and demand
-example: cowry shell money

100
Q

Agriculturalists

A
  • use same plots of land over and over
  • use machinery, irrigation, fertilizer
  • large-scale
101
Q

Intensive agriculturalists

A
  • very large scale

- unequal distribution of money and food

102
Q

Horticulturalists

A
  • rotate plots of land
  • does not use intensive labor/machinery
  • small-scale
  • uses swidden cultivation
  • example: rice cultivation in Madagascar
103
Q

swidden cultivation

A

burning land to clear space for crops

104
Q

Industrialists

A
  • relies on machines alot
  • cheaper/more food production
  • uses CAFO’s
  • huge-scale
  • seen in market economies
105
Q

power

A

the ability to control another person to make them do something
-can be persuasive (sneaky) or coersive (mean)

106
Q

authority

A

use of legitimate power

107
Q

prestige

A

postitve reputation that can only can be given by others

108
Q

internalized controls

A

personal feelings that guide you towards “right” behavior

-personal morals, shame, guilt…

109
Q

“shame” culture

A

doing the right thing to not let other people down

110
Q

“guilt” culture

A

doing the right thing to not let yourself down

111
Q

externalized controls

A

rules that regulate behavior by encouraging you to do the right thing
example: laws

112
Q

decentralized vs. centralized power

A

decentralized: no central governing body, punishments imposed by community members, smaller communities
centralized: ruling authority given to one person/group, larger more complex states

113
Q

band

A 
~50-100 people
rely mostly on hunting/gathering/foraging
sometimes nomadic
decentralized power
egalitarian society
114
Q

tribe

A

~100+ people
decentralized power BUT leaders/advisors exist
horticulturalists/pastoralists
“big man”

115
Q

sodalities

A

groups that bring people together thru common age, concerns or interest
example: chess club

116
Q

cheifdoms

A 
larger societies
intensive agriculturalists
centralized, hereditary power
one main cheif and other lesser cheifs
example: old hawaii
117
Q

state

A 
large societies
centralized power
industrialists
formal laws/behavior
common to see sub-populations
118
Q

social mobility

A

ability to move up/down in social class

119
Q

“cultural materialism”

A

social organization is directly related to whatever adaptions are needed in a society’s given environment

120
Q

achieved status

A

social status based on personal achievments

example: being high class ‘cuz u grad’d from harvard or u a doctor

121
Q

6 types of ethnic politics

A
  1. Pluralism: all ethnic groups exist in harmony
  2. Long-term Subjugation: 2 ethic groups coexist under dominant group’s ways
  3. Assimilation: minority is absorbed into dominant ethic group
  4. Population Transfer: 1 ethnic group is forced to relocate because of hardships imposed by another ethnic group
  5. Legal Protection: 1 ethnic group has to be legally protected because another ethnic group is tryna fuck wit dem
  6. Intergroup Conflicts: genocide or ethnic cleansing - shit is bad
122
Q

raid VS. feud VS. warfare

A

Raid: stealing from another group
Feud: long-term hostility btwn 2 ethnic groups
Warfare: large-scale violent conflict, weapons, technology

123
Q

naturalising discourses

A

explinations for behavior based on identity markers

example: being smart cuz ur asian, being good @ sports cause ur black

124
Q

Kwaksistalla

A

Speaker for Kwakwaka’wkaw FN
other name: Adam Smith
-hidden away from residential schools and learned all TEK - he was a vessel thru that time for all the TEK that could have been lost
-3-4 generations worth of TEK

125
Q

Advantages to polygamy

A
  • enough resources to support fam
  • keeps all land in fam
  • shared responsibilty
  • limits population
126
Q

Disadvantages to polygamy

A
  • wife has sexual perference to 1 husband
  • decision making power probably held more by older bros
  • health impact on wife b/c shes having so many babies
  • inheritance issues b/c of so many kids
127
Q

Limnality

A

space and or time inbetween 2 things

example: week after you finish all your classes in undergrad but havnt gone thru grad ceremony yet

128
Q

Preliminal AKA separation

A

stage/activities right before transition

129
Q

Postliminal AKA reincorporation

A

stage/activities right after transition

130
Q

communitas

A

group you join after transition - bonded because you have all gone thru the same thing

131
Q

Bruntland commission world goal

A

“meeting needs of today without compromising future generations ability to meet their needs

132
Q

3 pillars of sustainability (EES)

A

environmental (most important pillar)
economic
social

133
Q

Globalization

A

integration of economic, social and political processes around the whole world

  • as economic growth goes up and environmental health goes down (INVERSE relationship)
  • creates higher inequality - best conditions in developed countries, worst in developing countries
134
Q

globalization case study: Chocolate

A

gbago and outerra

353 (12 decks)

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