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353 > 346 Midterm #1 > Flashcards

346 Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why were Native Americans so succeptible to disease from the early Europeans?

A
  • Europeans had developed better immune systems in their genetic pool early on because they had been living with animals and in very unsanitary living conditions for thousands of years SO they carried many of the infectious animal diseases but were not affected as much by them
  • Native Americans/ FN did not have as developed immune systems b/c they were somewhat nomadic and weren’t exposed to such terrible diseases because they weren’t litteraly living in their shit
  • epidemics were not as common in hunter/gatherer/nomadic socities compared to larger stationary civilizations b/c they were moving around constantly away from their waste, etc…
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2
Q

~10,000-6,000 years ago

A
  1. Large-scale, non-nomadic civilizations with developed agriculture emerged
  2. Many people living in one place with no sanitation, in close range of animals and their waste
  3. Endemics and infectious diseases spread and kill people regularly
    * THIS is when health goes down hill
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3
Q

Example of genetic markers of health over time

A
  1. Height - early lower classes were usually shorter because they were malnourished
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4
Q

Modern factors that decrease health on a large scale

A
  1. air & water pollution
  2. promotion of processed foods, cigarettes & alcohol

*we dont really worry about infectious diseases anymore BUT there are many modern factors like these that were brought about by the industrial revolution that affect health today

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5
Q

Hunter/Gatherer Socieities (before 10,000 ya)

A

Main cause of death: accidents, hunting…
Avg. Life Expectancy: ~50-55
No real role of health care, maybe spiritual healing…

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6
Q

Early Agricultural Societies (~10,000 - 1,000 ya)

A

Main cause of death: animal infections, infections diseases (TB, Small pox…)
Avg. life expectancy: ~40
Role of health care: ancient medicine….

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7
Q

Early Industrial Socieites (1700-1950ish)

A

Main cause of death: factory accidents, disease
Avg. life expectancy: ~35, rose to ~55 in 1930’s
Role of health care: none, health care bad for you at this point, then in 1930 health care became actually affective

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8
Q

1928

A

PENNICILLIN DISCOVERED!
Health care actually becomes effective!
This was a MAJOR turning point in N. American Health and globally

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9
Q

1750-1800’s Europe

A

HUGE shift from rural country to urban centers
10% -> 60% of population into cities by 1800
Approx. 3 million people

Allure of Cities: food access, work @ factories, railways…

Caused a MASSIVE decline in health - many people packed into small cities with no sewers, no sanitiation, dirty water, no medicine, living with animals

Actions taken to improve health: removed smelly garbage piles, closed all windows to prevent “cold”, created sewers in 1880’s and created child labor laws

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10
Q

English Navy, 1750

A

Example of how bad conditions were in the industrial age
Avg height: 4’1’’
Avg life expectancy: ~40
“english navy ran on run, saddamy and the lash”
Very poor health, Carried MANY diseases such as scurvy - “limey bastards”
Thats why native people’s health went so downhill when the english came to N. America

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11
Q

% of farmers in Canada in 1930 VS. Today

A

1930: 50% people were farmers
today: 2% farmers

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12
Q

1980’s, China

A

HUGE movement from rural to urban areas
Approx. 700 million people

*Unlike the European transition, this transition was sucessful (health wise) because of modern medicine, knowledge about sanitation and they had sufficient resources to create/maintain level of clean living

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13
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A

transition from majority of death from infectious disease to majority of death from chronic illness and occupational diseases
1920-30’s : UK and N. America

  • there are still places today that havn’t gone thru this transition yet (places in africa, SE asia….)
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14
Q

Examples of “occupational”/”industrial” diseases

A
  1. Black Lung - coal miners breathing in dust
  2. Scurvy - sailors not getting enough vitamin C
  3. Spinner’s Lung - weavers breathing in fibres
  4. Mesothelioma - construction/shipyard workers breathing in asbestos
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15
Q

Modern day common causes of bad health

A 
Stress
Modern allergies
Smoking culture
Air/Water quality and pollution
Processed food
Sedentary work
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16
Q

Highest epicenter of HIV rated in N. America today

A

Saskatchewan

17
Q

CHD

A
  • Unheard of before 1780 because people simply weren’t living long enough to die from and bad heart
  • “multi-causal”
  • # 1 cause: stress @ work
  • # 1 cause of death in Canada from 1920’s-70’s
  • peaked in 1950’s
  • Highest rates found in Scotland and nations with high butter/milk fat based diet
  • Lowest rates among nations with “metterteranian diets” based on olive oil fats
18
Q

“demand vs. control” chart

A

High control/ ——- Hi control/
Low demand: ——— Hi demand:
“LOW STRAIN” —— “ACTIVE JOB”
————————————————————
————————————————————
Low control/ ——— Low control/
Low demand: ——— Hi demand:
“PASSIVE JOB” ——— “HIGH STRAIN”

  • High Strain jobs: lots of rules, not much say - most likely to develop CHD
  • Low Strain jobs: not many rules, lots of say - least likely to develop CHD
  • @ Predictable jobs, its really you degree of CONTROL that determines your stress level
  • @ Unpredictable jobs, its more your degree of DEMAND that determines your stress level
19
Q

Why does stress affect your body badly?

A

when you get stressed your body secretes Cortizol

-gives you that amped up “fight or flight” feeling, not good for heart if it happens more than necessary

20
Q

Factors that seem to cause CHD

A
  1. The physical environment in which you live
  2. Food culture
  3. Assimilation into new culture or lack of “Sense of coherance”
21
Q

Migrations from America into Canada

A
  1. “underground railroad” - slaves from America escaping to canada
  2. UEL - United Empire Loyalists - after American revolution, all loyalists to the Queen came up to Canada (1780’s)
  3. Drafted Soldiers - men escaping Vietnam war draft (1960’s)
22
Q

Migrations from Europe into Canada

A
  1. Irish after potato famine - (1850’s)
  2. Polish, UK, Finnish & Icelandic migrants invited to Canada b/c they have similar landscapes and were good at farming them & because Canada didn’t want anymore americans coming up
  3. Greek, Italian & Portugese migrants - invited to Canada to do “blue-collar” work (1880’s-90’s)
  4. Scottish - the ones who basically started Hudson’s Bay & argueabley shaped entire Canadian economy (1900)
23
Q

Push factor vs. pull factor

A

push factor: something that makes you wanna leave a country

pull factor: something that makes you wanna go to a country

24
Q

Migrations effect on health in Canada

A

1850’s: Health decline, 1st quarantines, sick Irish migrants brought over many diseases after potate famine

1950’s: Health increase, healthy young american drafted soldiers fleeing into canada

Today: migrations don’t hugely effect health today BUT there’s most likely a small decline in the general health of migrant from Syria - PTSD and stress of traveling

25
Q

“sense of coherance”

A

when you live within a group that practices your traditional lifestyle - even if you live outside home country
*shown to be a factor that leads to less stress, lower rates of CHD

26
Q

USA health

A

Not super great
#28 in the world
-high rates of maternal death in childbirth
-not good prenatal/postnatal care
-obesity, alcoholism, suicides, HIV…
-many undiagnosed diseases because of unfair health care
-many people still live in poverty

27
Q

Child/infant health

A
  • very closely tied to level of poverty

- main cause is illnesses that cause dehydration

28
Q

Private VS. Public Environment

A

Private: family, home life, how a child interacts with close figures in home environment

Public: school, public, interactions with those outside of home, peers, teachers, etc…

***in childhood, Public vs. priavte conditions have HUGE effect on later adult and adolecesent health

29
Q

Prince Rupert LNG facility

A
  • Approved LNG processing plant on Prince Rupert island in FN community
  • funded by Chin, Malaysia & Japan
  • LNG will be sent to these countries for energy
  • would produce 5 million tons of C02 per year, 10% of BC total emissions, & shitload of methane

ARGUMENT: LNG much more “green” than burning coal, which is realistically the alternative for these 3 Asian countries. So it will cut down global emissions by alot but raise Canada’s emissions by alot too :/
-“creates jobs, benefits economy” for canadians

30
Q

Infant mortality in Eastern Canada vs. Western Canada

A

-WAY higher in eastern canada (quebec) than western canada (BC)
WHY?: eastern canada (quebec) controlled by the church for MANY years - up until 1960
-church did not allow abortion/contraception so people had many kids and didnt have the resources to keep all of them alive so many died early in life
-BC on the other hand, embraced modern medicine and contraception in the early 1900’s so they were lower in infant mortality

  • other factors that caused infant mortality before public health improvements:
  • flu
  • dirty milk/water
  • spoiled food
  • huge families
31
Q

Improvements in public health that caused a drop in Infant Mortality

A
  • technology to pasturize milk
  • technology to purify water
  • refrigerators to keep food from spoiling
  • antibiotics/modern medicine
  • abortion/contraception

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