346 Midterm #1 Flashcards
Why were Native Americans so succeptible to disease from the early Europeans?
- Europeans had developed better immune systems in their genetic pool early on because they had been living with animals and in very unsanitary living conditions for thousands of years SO they carried many of the infectious animal diseases but were not affected as much by them
- Native Americans/ FN did not have as developed immune systems b/c they were somewhat nomadic and weren’t exposed to such terrible diseases because they weren’t litteraly living in their shit
- epidemics were not as common in hunter/gatherer/nomadic socities compared to larger stationary civilizations b/c they were moving around constantly away from their waste, etc…
~10,000-6,000 years ago
- Large-scale, non-nomadic civilizations with developed agriculture emerged
- Many people living in one place with no sanitation, in close range of animals and their waste
- Endemics and infectious diseases spread and kill people regularly
* THIS is when health goes down hill
Example of genetic markers of health over time
- Height - early lower classes were usually shorter because they were malnourished
Modern factors that decrease health on a large scale
- air & water pollution
- promotion of processed foods, cigarettes & alcohol
*we dont really worry about infectious diseases anymore BUT there are many modern factors like these that were brought about by the industrial revolution that affect health today
Hunter/Gatherer Socieities (before 10,000 ya)
Main cause of death: accidents, hunting…
Avg. Life Expectancy: ~50-55
No real role of health care, maybe spiritual healing…
Early Agricultural Societies (~10,000 - 1,000 ya)
Main cause of death: animal infections, infections diseases (TB, Small pox…)
Avg. life expectancy: ~40
Role of health care: ancient medicine….
Early Industrial Socieites (1700-1950ish)
Main cause of death: factory accidents, disease
Avg. life expectancy: ~35, rose to ~55 in 1930’s
Role of health care: none, health care bad for you at this point, then in 1930 health care became actually affective
1928
PENNICILLIN DISCOVERED!
Health care actually becomes effective!
This was a MAJOR turning point in N. American Health and globally
1750-1800’s Europe
HUGE shift from rural country to urban centers
10% -> 60% of population into cities by 1800
Approx. 3 million people
Allure of Cities: food access, work @ factories, railways…
Caused a MASSIVE decline in health - many people packed into small cities with no sewers, no sanitiation, dirty water, no medicine, living with animals
Actions taken to improve health: removed smelly garbage piles, closed all windows to prevent “cold”, created sewers in 1880’s and created child labor laws
English Navy, 1750
Example of how bad conditions were in the industrial age
Avg height: 4’1’’
Avg life expectancy: ~40
“english navy ran on run, saddamy and the lash”
Very poor health, Carried MANY diseases such as scurvy - “limey bastards”
Thats why native people’s health went so downhill when the english came to N. America
% of farmers in Canada in 1930 VS. Today
1930: 50% people were farmers
today: 2% farmers
1980’s, China
HUGE movement from rural to urban areas
Approx. 700 million people
*Unlike the European transition, this transition was sucessful (health wise) because of modern medicine, knowledge about sanitation and they had sufficient resources to create/maintain level of clean living
Epidemiological Transition
transition from majority of death from infectious disease to majority of death from chronic illness and occupational diseases
1920-30’s : UK and N. America
- there are still places today that havn’t gone thru this transition yet (places in africa, SE asia….)
Examples of “occupational”/”industrial” diseases
- Black Lung - coal miners breathing in dust
- Scurvy - sailors not getting enough vitamin C
- Spinner’s Lung - weavers breathing in fibres
- Mesothelioma - construction/shipyard workers breathing in asbestos
Modern day common causes of bad health
Stress Modern allergies Smoking culture Air/Water quality and pollution Processed food Sedentary work
Highest epicenter of HIV rated in N. America today
Saskatchewan
CHD
- Unheard of before 1780 because people simply weren’t living long enough to die from and bad heart
- “multi-causal”
- # 1 cause: stress @ work
- # 1 cause of death in Canada from 1920’s-70’s
- peaked in 1950’s
- Highest rates found in Scotland and nations with high butter/milk fat based diet
- Lowest rates among nations with “metterteranian diets” based on olive oil fats
“demand vs. control” chart
High control/ ——- Hi control/
Low demand: ——— Hi demand:
“LOW STRAIN” —— “ACTIVE JOB”
————————————————————
————————————————————
Low control/ ——— Low control/
Low demand: ——— Hi demand:
“PASSIVE JOB” ——— “HIGH STRAIN”
- High Strain jobs: lots of rules, not much say - most likely to develop CHD
- Low Strain jobs: not many rules, lots of say - least likely to develop CHD
- @ Predictable jobs, its really you degree of CONTROL that determines your stress level
- @ Unpredictable jobs, its more your degree of DEMAND that determines your stress level
Why does stress affect your body badly?
when you get stressed your body secretes Cortizol
-gives you that amped up “fight or flight” feeling, not good for heart if it happens more than necessary
Factors that seem to cause CHD
- The physical environment in which you live
- Food culture
- Assimilation into new culture or lack of “Sense of coherance”
Migrations from America into Canada
- “underground railroad” - slaves from America escaping to canada
- UEL - United Empire Loyalists - after American revolution, all loyalists to the Queen came up to Canada (1780’s)
- Drafted Soldiers - men escaping Vietnam war draft (1960’s)
Migrations from Europe into Canada
- Irish after potato famine - (1850’s)
- Polish, UK, Finnish & Icelandic migrants invited to Canada b/c they have similar landscapes and were good at farming them & because Canada didn’t want anymore americans coming up
- Greek, Italian & Portugese migrants - invited to Canada to do “blue-collar” work (1880’s-90’s)
- Scottish - the ones who basically started Hudson’s Bay & argueabley shaped entire Canadian economy (1900)
Push factor vs. pull factor
push factor: something that makes you wanna leave a country
pull factor: something that makes you wanna go to a country
Migrations effect on health in Canada
1850’s: Health decline, 1st quarantines, sick Irish migrants brought over many diseases after potate famine
1950’s: Health increase, healthy young american drafted soldiers fleeing into canada
Today: migrations don’t hugely effect health today BUT there’s most likely a small decline in the general health of migrant from Syria - PTSD and stress of traveling
