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353 > 304 coastal conservation midterm > Flashcards

304 coastal conservation midterm Flashcards

1
Q

definition of coastal areas

A

area in which terrestrial processes and land use directly affects oceanic processes (and vice versa)

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2
Q

Major issues/causes of problems in coastal environments

A 
development/infrasturcture
overfishing
aquaculture and fisheries
climate change
deforestation
salinization
marine transportation
eutrophication
pollution/spills
invasive species
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3
Q

reading: Mainstreaming the social sciences into conservation

A

author: Nathan Bennett
point: integration of social science aspect into conservation is crucial because without social/value change, theres no way that conservation will ever be effective

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4
Q

Territorial seas, EEZ and High Seas

A

territorial: 12 nautical miles out (provincial jurisdiction)

EEZ: 12-200 n. miles out (federal jurisdiction)

high seas: oceans past 200 n.m. - “commons” (no jurisdiction)

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5
Q

How do large coastal populations effect the coast/ocean?

A
  • pollution effects water clarity (which hinders coral growth)
  • nutrients/eutrophication creates increased BOD/ algal blooms
  • infrastructure effects drainage into ocean
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6
Q

coastal inundation

A

process of water levels on coast rising

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7
Q

reading: How wild is the ocean?

A

author: Natalie Ban & Jackie Alder

point: the ocean is actually not very wild
- very few, if any areas that have not been effected/used by humans
- ~98% of coast and contiental shelf is used by humans
- GIS used to spatially map out 39 activities in EEZ

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8
Q

adaptive management

A

policies that take into account UNCERTAINTY & uses trial and error to learn best approaches

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9
Q

role of precautionary principles

A
  1. lack of scientific data/certainty is NOT sufficient reasoning to postpone conservation measures OR to assume damage can be simply solved by a technological fix
  2. p.p.’s ensure measures are still being taken “before its too late”
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10
Q

2 main forces that would create effective conservation

A
  1. shift in human values and therefore policy

2. technology

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11
Q

When did conservation become a thing and what type of outlook did it have at first?

A

1890-1960

GOAL: avoid unecessary waste, become more efficient

OUTLOOK: (USR)

  • utilitarian (designed to be useful, not just aesthetic)
  • sectoral (veiwed ecosystem as different parts instead of a whole…economic uses/values were the priority)
  • reactive actions taken rather than proactive
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12
Q

What is “Conservation Diplomacy” and when did it start?

A

1950’s

  • more participatory approaches
  • treaties signed with goals of conservation
  • people realizing that we need a governance system that takes into account ALL boundaries effected by resource use
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13
Q

bioeconomic model

A

attempts to balance maximum #of fish taken with maximum potential income

  • used to find MSY
  • many issues with this model b/c of uncertainty
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14
Q

How and when did conservation begin to evolve?

A

1960’s-1990’s

  • models refined
  • limits and factor of uncertainty more understood
  • more focus on pollutants
  • more knowledge about TEK
  • more proactive instead of reactive actions
  • focus on sustainable development
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15
Q

How has conservation changed from 1990-present?

A
  • defining sustainable development specifically
  • shift away from sectoral/economist approach
  • focus more on shared governance
  • proactive af
  • much better understanding of connectedness btwn ecosystems
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16
Q

indicators

A

something that tells you that some aspect of a system has changed
-doesn’t tell you why tho

17
Q

open coastal watershed

A

a watershed that drains into the ocean

18
Q

when did urbanization of the BC coast begin?

A

1790’s

decline in native populations and increase in ppl with economic interests

19
Q

Cascadia Bioregion

A

area that includes BC, WA and OR

  • grouped into one bioregion because the ecosystem is pretty much the same throughout this area
  • using the border of a bioregion is MUCH better than using political borders in terms on conservation/policy/standards
20
Q

“paradox of declining populations”

A

result of non-diverse/specialized economy

  1. economic acivity shut down
  2. ppl leave because the work provided by the activity was the reason they lived there
  3. population too small to recieve gov’t funding
  4. not enough resources to maintain area/get proper resources for conservation efforts
21
Q

zombie mines

A

mines that have been shut down but continue to have bad effects on the surrounding env.

Example: Britannia Mine - leakage of ~600 kg of dissolved metals into Howe Sound per day and still leaking after it closed (largest point source of pollution in CANADA, 1902-1963)

22
Q

Fisheries + Aquaculture

A

-came about on a large scale only in last century

ISSUES:

  1. escapement
  2. eutrophication/pollution
23
Q

4 main coastal resource economies on the BC coast

A
  1. forestry
  2. fisheries/aquaculture
  3. mining/oil+gas
  4. tourism
24
Q

Forestry

A
  • biggest increase began in 1945 onwards
  • Spatially extensive and Temporally limited (somewhat renewable)

ISSUES:

  1. habitat/biodiversity loss
  2. runoff/sediment
  3. the forest that grows back will never be the same as the one before
25
Q

Mining / Oil+Gas

A

Spatially concentrated and Temporally extensive (absolutely non-renewable)

ISSUES:

  1. ecological impacts to entire ecosystems and surounding areas
  2. long-term effects that are pretty much impossible to stop
  3. tailings ponds and breaches
26
Q

Tourism

A

ISSUES:

  1. noise
  2. gas pollution
  3. ballast water/invasive species
  4. hitting large marine animals
  5. infrastructure
27
Q

“Network of impacts”

A

SUM of cumulative impacts of industrial/economic activity

28
Q

3 kinds of indicators (IRP)

A
  1. Impact indicator: shows the direct impact of an activity (habitat loss from forestry)
  2. Response indicator: shows that actions have been taken to address issue (baby trees planted in clear cuts)
  3. Pressure indicator: shows that there is growing pressure on the env. (increase in population of an area would indicate pressure on the ecosystems in that area)
29
Q

2 types of keystone species

A
  1. Ecological: critical species that has profound/disproportionate importance in an ecosystem (salmon)
  2. Cultural: imbedded in the basis of a culture (cows for hindu ppl)
30
Q

Berger Comission

A

Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inq. (1970’s)
Thomas Berger
-first holistic inquiry into a big development proposal
-focus on participation
-example of how EA and all proposals should be conducted

31
Q

“smart-growth”

A

land use + development that:

  1. enhances quality of life in communities
  2. preserves natural env.
  3. saves money over time

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