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353 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

7 fundamental Heitlsuk truths

A
  1. Creation (natural world is a gift from the creator)
  2. Connection to Nature (land/resources extension of ourselves)
  3. Respect (all life has value)
  4. Knowledge (seasonal cycles)
  5. Stewardship (health of people linked to health of land)
  6. Sharing (reciprocity)
  7. Adapting to Change
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2
Q

Heiltsuk/Haida Peace Treaty

A

Haida and Heiltsuk used to be at war all the time but then they got together and agreed which land is theirs so no one could point out their conflict as a weakness in court

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3
Q

Tyranny of Translation

A
  • When a meaning is changed when it is translated to different language
  • Happens a lot in translation from First Nations languages to english
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4
Q

Gladstone Decision

A

1996
2 Heitlsuk men charged for fishing/trading in their own territory
-Supreme court case
-Heiltsuk won case and Indigenous rights to fishing and trading were established

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5
Q

Social-Ecological Systems

A

You cannot manage without knowing the relationship between society and resources first

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6
Q

Resilience Theory

A

Being able to withstand stressers, adapt and rebound from conflict with the same identity
Systems are always resilient unless they pass the “threshold”

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7
Q

2 essential assumptions of resilience theory

A
  1. Humans and nature are strongly coupled and co-evolve

2. Systems are in constant flux and are highly unpredictable

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8
Q

3 main characteristics of resilient social-ecological systems

A
  1. Buffers: ways a system can prevent inner change after going thru a conflict (ex. strong leadership, good relationships with other houses…)
  2. Self-organization: ability to organize from within - knowing what to do
  3. Learning: ability to build on past experience and use new knowledge to build future
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9
Q

Trosper

A
  • “Potlatch system on the PNW coast showed all 3 resilient characteristics”*
  • These systems should be studied for insights that could be useful in today’s social-ecological systems
  • “History of PNW First Nations suggests persistence, which may imply sustainability”
  • “Potlactch represents the totality of society and it’s institutions”
  • specific lands that heads of households had rights to can never be bought sold or traded - only passed down or conquered
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10
Q

Aboriginal Rights and Title

A
  • Legal concept - way to reconcile competeing claims
  • Tool that can be used in conservation or resource management efforts
  • Colonial term - Indigenous peoples had their own system of law before colonization
  • Section 35 of canada’s constitution (1982): “existing aboriginal and treaty rights”
  • “title” is a right to the land
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11
Q

Duty to Consult & Accomodate

A
  • Giving early notice about proposed action
  • engage in consultation in “good faith” (?)
  • Disclose all info
  • Allow a reasonable time for consultation
  • Be responsive to related issues
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12
Q

Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management

A

(EBFM)
Goal: to equalize environmental and social costs
-Management tailored to each fishery’s unique characteristics

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13
Q

Bear density in respect to salmon population #’s

A

Even if there is enough salmon to support a larger bear population, bear density in one area has a limit

  • Bears need a large area to themselves
  • They will either leave or stop breeding if the density is too high
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14
Q

Jamie Alley

A

“Coastal governance & enagagement in Pacific Canada” presentation

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15
Q

ICZM

A

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

-tool for connecting international, national, regional, transboundary, and local governments

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16
Q

International Ocean governance

A

Treaties
Conventions
UN
EU protocol on ICZM

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17
Q

National ocean governance

A

US oceans commission

CCFAM (Canadian Council of Fisheries and Aquatic Ministers)

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18
Q

Regional ocean management

A

Municipal bylaws

Coastal plans

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19
Q

Local ocean management

A

Harbor managemtn plans, place-based management plans, community-based management plans

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20
Q

Hard / Soft Governance

A 
"hard" = enforcement of laws and regulations, legal agreements
"soft" = less formal, all-inclusive arrangements between NGO's + gov't + sometimes community-based groups
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21
Q

Horizontal / Vertical Governance

A 
Vertical = excersized upwards or downwards through hierarchial order
Horizontal = across jurisdictions in an integrated manner
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22
Q

6 Maritime Zones

A
  1. Internal waters: all water inside a country’s jurisdiction lines)
  2. Territorial Sea (coast-12 nautical miles out)
  3. Contiguous Zone (12-24)
  4. EEZ (12-200)
  5. Continental Shelf (12-200 but can vary depending on actual geography of place)
  6. High Seas (area beyond continental shelf)
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23
Q

Ocean governance CHALLENGES

A 
Transboundary consdierations
Maintaining accountability
Funding stability
Inclusivity - who needs to be at the table?
Conflict resolution
Public Engagement
24
Q

GOOD Governance

A 
moved from "command-control" to shared authority, decision-making and accountability
Consultative
Flexible
Transparent
Efficient
Accessible
Dynamic
Inclusive
25
Q

Coast that BC “owns”

A

Strait of Juan de Fuca
Strait of Georgia
Queen Charlotte Strait (above van. island)
Johnstone Strait
and all the seabeds that go into the land

26
Q

Heely

A

Salmon are VERY resilient - we just need to give them a chance
They have the “genetic tool kit” to survive basically anything

27
Q

Salmon sub-populations on BC Coast

A

~10,000 populations between 5 species
Semi-isolated (somewhat connected)
-Not all salmon return to same creek - they like to go to creeks that have never been spawned in before (“opportunistic colonizers”)

28
Q

Sockeye on BC coast

A

2,000-3,000 sockeye populations

some have evolved to spawn on shores of lakes!

29
Q

Weight of salmon’s eggs compared to body mass

A

15% of body mass in eggs!

Very high reproductive ability!

30
Q

Metapopulation

A

A population that is comprised of many smaller sub-populations that occaisionally exchange individuals

  • Has high genetic diversity
  • Sub-populations are “semi-isolated”
  • Good years vs. Bad years for salmon will vary the well-being of each salmon population
31
Q

“source” population

A

sending out individuals

  • too crowded
  • salmon leave to find better place to spawn
32
Q

“sink” population

A

takes in individuals

  • not very crowded
  • lots of room for newcomers
33
Q

“portfolio effect”

A

the more genetic diversity between species in an ecosystem, the more stable it will be and the more ecosystem services it can provide.
genes = “stocks” in the portfolio

34
Q

“phenotypic plasticity”

A

the same genes can do different things in different environments
-ex. twins raised in diff. places

35
Q

Phenotypic diversity

A

The diversity in the outward expression of genes

  • salmon as a species are blessed with very high phenotypic diversity
  • ex. some salmon return when they’re 3 years old and some return when their 8 years old
  • results in a salmon population of all ages/phenotypes being able to handle a huge range of habitat conditions
36
Q

Human resilience in the fishing industry

A

We rely on:
Large vessels
Particular areas
Predictability
Certain level of abundance
-this makes us NOT equipt for change and NOT resilient
-we are loosing “stocks” in our “portfolio”

37
Q

“mixed-stock” fisheries

A
  • large nets that catch a lot of fish
  • open sea
  • doesnt allow fisher to see how many individuals of a population it has caught
  • allows small sub-populations to be completely lost
38
Q

“terminal” fisheries

A
  • manual methods of fishing
  • mouth of a river or anywhere up-river
  • fisher can see how many they’ve caught and how many individuals make it back up-stream to spawn
39
Q

Hatcheries & Escapement

A
  • hatchery environments select for smaller range of genes that dont do well in the wild
  • escaped fish are good for the wild tho:
    1. “surplus” fish they supply more food to ecosystem
    2. possibly add new genes to populations
40
Q

Gutierrez

A 
"What aspects of fish management actually matter when predicting success of a fishery?
-Leadership
-Individual/Community Quotas
-Social Cohesion
^all of which are exhibited in the potlatch system
DONT matter:
-Scientific Advice
-Defined Boundaries
-Local Authority's Support
-Monitoring/Surveillance
-Restocking
41
Q

Traditional model of stability

A

Maximizes efficiency, fixes carrying capacity and minimizes variablity
Outcomes: stability or collapse
in between: resilience

42
Q

Dynamic model of stability

A

multiple stable states, high variability, surprise and unpredictability are inevtiable

43
Q

Delgamuukw Cae

A

1997
Gitxsan and Wet’suwet’en Nations
-definition of “title” changed
-land use no longer restricted to only traditional uses
-federal gov’t must consult and acommodate
-Oral history now a form of permissable evidence in court

44
Q

Haida Case

A

1990’s

  • Extension of gov’ts duty to consult
  • Now need to accomodate Aboroginal concerns
  • Does not give Aboriginal groups veto power
  • allows “justification of infringement of rights” (f’d up)
45
Q

Taku Case

A

1990’s

Ruling that “good faith efforts” can be “sufficient accomodation” to address aboriginal concerns

46
Q

Tsilqoutin Case

A

2014

  • case began in 1983 - protests against logging in their territory
  • negotiations unsuccessful
  • 2014 SCC ruling that Tsilquotin ‘s land title was not site-specific, not restricted to village sites
  • Title of ~1,750 sq km where Tsilquotin live, hunt, fish and
47
Q

Higher salmon escapement & managing BELOW MSY benefits who?

A
  • Bears (and entire ecosystem) in long-run and short-run
  • Fisheries in the LONG-run because fish stocks are able to replenish themselves generation after generation
  • Economic cost to fisheries at first, but costs will decrease every year the fisheries are managed below MSY
  • BELOW MSY = AT EBM
48
Q

Who benefits when fisheries are managed AT MSY?

A
  • Fisheries in the SHORT-run only

- hurts fisheries and bears in the long-run

49
Q

Bear Witness

A
  • Film about Grizzly Bear Trophy hunt impacts
  • Cheeky, the bear that was killed on BC FN territory
  • 2012: trophy hunt ban in 9 BC FN territories
50
Q

culture

A
  • behaviors and belief characteristics of a specific ethnic or social group
  • evolves over time
  • derived from experience and interaction with the environment
51
Q

Links between Heiltsuk culture and coastal resorces

A
  • rafters in houses for hanging salmon
  • clam gardens
  • herring roe
  • all fundamental truths can be linked to coastal resources
52
Q

examples of culture as a ‘practiced phenomenon’ from William Housty’s video

A
  • BA in natural resource management because he already had been involved in that from the way he grew up
  • herring fishing with uncles
  • studies grizzly bears and salmon and uses data in resource management
  • passing down of songs, stories and knowledge as a way to keep Heiltsuk culture alive
  • The name “Heiltsuk” means to speak and act respectfully
53
Q

origin of the word “resilience”

A

Latin - resiliens, resilire

to rebound or recoil

54
Q

Potlatch

A
  • Ceremony of PNW coastal FN’s
  • Head of each household would gather resources and distribute them to everyone
  • feast
  • laws were discussed and established
  • stories told
  • relationships formed
  • Great example of how all societies should be run
  • ban from 1885-1950
55
Q

“Deep Consultation”

A
  • Adjusting a proposal to accomodate Aboriginal concerns
  • i.e. providing them with decision-making role
  • required when their right is easily demonstrated and/or infringement of right is obvious

353 (12 decks)

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