353 Final Exam Flashcards
7 fundamental Heitlsuk truths
- Creation (natural world is a gift from the creator)
- Connection to Nature (land/resources extension of ourselves)
- Respect (all life has value)
- Knowledge (seasonal cycles)
- Stewardship (health of people linked to health of land)
- Sharing (reciprocity)
- Adapting to Change
Heiltsuk/Haida Peace Treaty
Haida and Heiltsuk used to be at war all the time but then they got together and agreed which land is theirs so no one could point out their conflict as a weakness in court
Tyranny of Translation
- When a meaning is changed when it is translated to different language
- Happens a lot in translation from First Nations languages to english
Gladstone Decision
1996
2 Heitlsuk men charged for fishing/trading in their own territory
-Supreme court case
-Heiltsuk won case and Indigenous rights to fishing and trading were established
Social-Ecological Systems
You cannot manage without knowing the relationship between society and resources first
Resilience Theory
Being able to withstand stressers, adapt and rebound from conflict with the same identity
Systems are always resilient unless they pass the “threshold”
2 essential assumptions of resilience theory
- Humans and nature are strongly coupled and co-evolve
2. Systems are in constant flux and are highly unpredictable
3 main characteristics of resilient social-ecological systems
- Buffers: ways a system can prevent inner change after going thru a conflict (ex. strong leadership, good relationships with other houses…)
- Self-organization: ability to organize from within - knowing what to do
- Learning: ability to build on past experience and use new knowledge to build future
Trosper
- “Potlatch system on the PNW coast showed all 3 resilient characteristics”*
- These systems should be studied for insights that could be useful in today’s social-ecological systems
- “History of PNW First Nations suggests persistence, which may imply sustainability”
- “Potlactch represents the totality of society and it’s institutions”
- specific lands that heads of households had rights to can never be bought sold or traded - only passed down or conquered
Aboriginal Rights and Title
- Legal concept - way to reconcile competeing claims
- Tool that can be used in conservation or resource management efforts
- Colonial term - Indigenous peoples had their own system of law before colonization
- Section 35 of canada’s constitution (1982): “existing aboriginal and treaty rights”
- “title” is a right to the land
Duty to Consult & Accomodate
- Giving early notice about proposed action
- engage in consultation in “good faith” (?)
- Disclose all info
- Allow a reasonable time for consultation
- Be responsive to related issues
Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
(EBFM)
Goal: to equalize environmental and social costs
-Management tailored to each fishery’s unique characteristics
Bear density in respect to salmon population #’s
Even if there is enough salmon to support a larger bear population, bear density in one area has a limit
- Bears need a large area to themselves
- They will either leave or stop breeding if the density is too high
Jamie Alley
“Coastal governance & enagagement in Pacific Canada” presentation
ICZM
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
-tool for connecting international, national, regional, transboundary, and local governments
International Ocean governance
Treaties
Conventions
UN
EU protocol on ICZM
National ocean governance
US oceans commission
CCFAM (Canadian Council of Fisheries and Aquatic Ministers)
Regional ocean management
Municipal bylaws
Coastal plans
Local ocean management
Harbor managemtn plans, place-based management plans, community-based management plans
Hard / Soft Governance
"hard" = enforcement of laws and regulations, legal agreements "soft" = less formal, all-inclusive arrangements between NGO's + gov't + sometimes community-based groups
Horizontal / Vertical Governance
Vertical = excersized upwards or downwards through hierarchial order Horizontal = across jurisdictions in an integrated manner
6 Maritime Zones
- Internal waters: all water inside a country’s jurisdiction lines)
- Territorial Sea (coast-12 nautical miles out)
- Contiguous Zone (12-24)
- EEZ (12-200)
- Continental Shelf (12-200 but can vary depending on actual geography of place)
- High Seas (area beyond continental shelf)
Ocean governance CHALLENGES
Transboundary consdierations Maintaining accountability Funding stability Inclusivity - who needs to be at the table? Conflict resolution Public Engagement
GOOD Governance
moved from "command-control" to shared authority, decision-making and accountability Consultative Flexible Transparent Efficient Accessible Dynamic Inclusive
Coast that BC “owns”
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Strait of Georgia
Queen Charlotte Strait (above van. island)
Johnstone Strait
and all the seabeds that go into the land
Heely
Salmon are VERY resilient - we just need to give them a chance
They have the “genetic tool kit” to survive basically anything
Salmon sub-populations on BC Coast
~10,000 populations between 5 species
Semi-isolated (somewhat connected)
-Not all salmon return to same creek - they like to go to creeks that have never been spawned in before (“opportunistic colonizers”)
Sockeye on BC coast
2,000-3,000 sockeye populations
some have evolved to spawn on shores of lakes!
Weight of salmon’s eggs compared to body mass
15% of body mass in eggs!
Very high reproductive ability!
Metapopulation
A population that is comprised of many smaller sub-populations that occaisionally exchange individuals
- Has high genetic diversity
- Sub-populations are “semi-isolated”
- Good years vs. Bad years for salmon will vary the well-being of each salmon population
“source” population
sending out individuals
- too crowded
- salmon leave to find better place to spawn
“sink” population
takes in individuals
- not very crowded
- lots of room for newcomers
“portfolio effect”
the more genetic diversity between species in an ecosystem, the more stable it will be and the more ecosystem services it can provide.
genes = “stocks” in the portfolio
“phenotypic plasticity”
the same genes can do different things in different environments
-ex. twins raised in diff. places
Phenotypic diversity
The diversity in the outward expression of genes
- salmon as a species are blessed with very high phenotypic diversity
- ex. some salmon return when they’re 3 years old and some return when their 8 years old
- results in a salmon population of all ages/phenotypes being able to handle a huge range of habitat conditions
Human resilience in the fishing industry
We rely on:
Large vessels
Particular areas
Predictability
Certain level of abundance
-this makes us NOT equipt for change and NOT resilient
-we are loosing “stocks” in our “portfolio”
“mixed-stock” fisheries
- large nets that catch a lot of fish
- open sea
- doesnt allow fisher to see how many individuals of a population it has caught
- allows small sub-populations to be completely lost
“terminal” fisheries
- manual methods of fishing
- mouth of a river or anywhere up-river
- fisher can see how many they’ve caught and how many individuals make it back up-stream to spawn
Hatcheries & Escapement
- hatchery environments select for smaller range of genes that dont do well in the wild
- escaped fish are good for the wild tho:
1. “surplus” fish they supply more food to ecosystem
2. possibly add new genes to populations
Gutierrez
"What aspects of fish management actually matter when predicting success of a fishery? -Leadership -Individual/Community Quotas -Social Cohesion ^all of which are exhibited in the potlatch system DONT matter: -Scientific Advice -Defined Boundaries -Local Authority's Support -Monitoring/Surveillance -Restocking
Traditional model of stability
Maximizes efficiency, fixes carrying capacity and minimizes variablity
Outcomes: stability or collapse
in between: resilience
Dynamic model of stability
multiple stable states, high variability, surprise and unpredictability are inevtiable
Delgamuukw Cae
1997
Gitxsan and Wet’suwet’en Nations
-definition of “title” changed
-land use no longer restricted to only traditional uses
-federal gov’t must consult and acommodate
-Oral history now a form of permissable evidence in court
Haida Case
1990’s
- Extension of gov’ts duty to consult
- Now need to accomodate Aboroginal concerns
- Does not give Aboriginal groups veto power
- allows “justification of infringement of rights” (f’d up)
Taku Case
1990’s
Ruling that “good faith efforts” can be “sufficient accomodation” to address aboriginal concerns
Tsilqoutin Case
2014
- case began in 1983 - protests against logging in their territory
- negotiations unsuccessful
- 2014 SCC ruling that Tsilquotin ‘s land title was not site-specific, not restricted to village sites
- Title of ~1,750 sq km where Tsilquotin live, hunt, fish and
Higher salmon escapement & managing BELOW MSY benefits who?
- Bears (and entire ecosystem) in long-run and short-run
- Fisheries in the LONG-run because fish stocks are able to replenish themselves generation after generation
- Economic cost to fisheries at first, but costs will decrease every year the fisheries are managed below MSY
- BELOW MSY = AT EBM
Who benefits when fisheries are managed AT MSY?
- Fisheries in the SHORT-run only
- hurts fisheries and bears in the long-run
Bear Witness
- Film about Grizzly Bear Trophy hunt impacts
- Cheeky, the bear that was killed on BC FN territory
- 2012: trophy hunt ban in 9 BC FN territories
culture
- behaviors and belief characteristics of a specific ethnic or social group
- evolves over time
- derived from experience and interaction with the environment
Links between Heiltsuk culture and coastal resorces
- rafters in houses for hanging salmon
- clam gardens
- herring roe
- all fundamental truths can be linked to coastal resources
examples of culture as a ‘practiced phenomenon’ from William Housty’s video
- BA in natural resource management because he already had been involved in that from the way he grew up
- herring fishing with uncles
- studies grizzly bears and salmon and uses data in resource management
- passing down of songs, stories and knowledge as a way to keep Heiltsuk culture alive
- The name “Heiltsuk” means to speak and act respectfully
origin of the word “resilience”
Latin - resiliens, resilire
to rebound or recoil
Potlatch
- Ceremony of PNW coastal FN’s
- Head of each household would gather resources and distribute them to everyone
- feast
- laws were discussed and established
- stories told
- relationships formed
- Great example of how all societies should be run
- ban from 1885-1950
“Deep Consultation”
- Adjusting a proposal to accomodate Aboriginal concerns
- i.e. providing them with decision-making role
- required when their right is easily demonstrated and/or infringement of right is obvious
