357 midterm Flashcards
earliest european/colonialist ideals about parks
- “god’s idea”
- harvest + control = good
- wild nature + unknown wilderness = bad
what 2 major things happend in the late 1800’s in N. America?
- American Bison went extinct
- railways dominated landscape
^ shows very rapid change of landscape caused by colonialism
WHY and WHEN was yellowstone set aside to become a national park?
1860’s
1. set aside for specific purpose of avoiding major development
WHEN did yellowstone officially become the first national park?
1872
WHY did Banff become a park and what was it called at first?
- Sir John A Macdonald discovered sulphur springs and wanted to create a place to compete with Europe
- Rocky Mountain National Park (1885)
WHEN was the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act enacted and WHAT did it create?
1911
created 2 categories of parks: Dominion parks (historical significance) and Forest reserves (ecological siginificance)
HOW did Parks Canada become a thing and WHO was the 1st commissioner?
- the Dominion Parks Branch (part of the dominion forest reserves and parks act) expanded and created ideals of conserving historic AND ecologically important landscapes (not just for economic gain)
- James B. Harkin
WHEN was the Transfer of Resources Agreement made and WHAT did it say?
1930
- jurisdiction/control over all natural resources now up to provincial gov’t, not federal gov’t
WHEN was the National Parks Act made and WHAT did it create?
1930
- “MAINTAINED AND MADE USE OF of in a way that leaves then unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations”
- created a DUAL MANDATE that still causes confusion b/c it is impossible to maintain AND use resources at the same time
important b/c it standardized + united all parks acts and made them legally enforceable
WHEN was the National Parks Policy made and WHAT did it say?
1964
- much more broad and detailed than NP Act
1. exploitation not permitted
2. “urban-type” red. facilities not permitted
3. all development must contribute to enjoyment/conservation of park in a natural condition
-called for more participation and co-managment
Grasshopper effect
polluted water gets evaporated in mid-latitudes and then gets concentrated in frozen state in arctic latitudes
how much of canada’s land is national park and why?
~3%
this land is set aside because larger predators/protected species are concentrated in small areas
Issue with recreation in national parks
parks w/ recreational activities are usually highly developed with only one/few areas set aside for nature
What did the Ecological Integrity Panel do in 2000?
SHEILA COPPS - heritage minister who put 1 year moratorium on development in parks
WHEN was the National Parks Act revised and WHAT did it say?
2000
revised goal to “maintenence/restoration of ecological integrity thru protection of natural resources and processes is the FIRST PRIORITY when considering all management aspects of a park”
*basically main goal changed from “maintenence and use” to “EI is the 1st priority” *
(good goal but didnt have much effect on mngmnt)
What factors does Parks Can use to evaluate ecological integrity?
- loosing species?
- trophic levels in tact?
- biological communities exhibit diversity of age and spatial arragement?
- productivity + decomp acting within acceptable limits?
- nutrient cycling w/in acceptable limits?
WHEN and WHY did Parks Canada become Parks Can Agency and WHAT happend?
2000
- thought it would allow them to step outside gov’t restrictions
- lost all gov’t funding and had to raise own $$
- tourism #’s began falling
- many programs cuts
At what point should monopolization of parks for $$$ stop? TRADE OFFS
- people and money for conservation efforts OR no people and high EI
- need $$ to pay scientists for EI efforts
- need to reduce # of visitors to slow development/reduce impacts
- need $$ to protect land from nearby pollution/resource extraction
READING: Model of Administrative Penetration
“adiministrative penetration”: when decision-makers priorities impede on park boundaries
-example: logging slightly over park boundaries / developing more infra to make more $$
- results from wording of legislation (ex. “preseved and made use of”)
- pretty much creates loopholes for decision-makers to take advantage of resources and end up degrading env. instead of conserving
- also results in land use being determined by the “highest bidder”
3 groups most involved:
- Entrepeneurs: capitialist, promote development for $$ (goal=$)
- Environmentalists: organized env. groups, communicate interests btwn public and decision-makers (goal = influence policy)
- Aboriginals: political organizations that communicate their interests (goal = influence policy)
Quick timeline of 3 group’s influence:
1880-1970: entrepenuers have primary influence
1970-present: environmentalists more influential
1987 -present: aboriginal interests and sovereignty more influential starting with Haida case
When did environmentalists have a “big score”? i(nfluence-wise)
1971
Lake Louise expansion project sucessfully prevented
Case Study of Development: Jasper National Park
- Visitor rates dropped 50% since 2005
- used to have a free veiwing point, Brewster came in and built glass skywalk and charges hella $$ for it
- propsed to build “fixed-roof” structures and a hotel (both not approved tho)
- they did put in OTENTIK structures tho - semi-permanent
- EVEN THO it’s aginst n.p. policy and park managmnt plan it’s in critical caribou habitat
“Urban” National Parks
- “natural, cultural and agricultural features”
- heritage/historic sites
- good b/c it prevents more development
- bad b/c it takes away focus from further conservation and puts more focus on tourism
- Parks Can. involved but not NP Act (why are they spending $$ on this instead of actual N. Parks?)
MEA (millenuim env. assessment) 4 categories of ecosystem services (PRCS)
- PROVISIONING: food water, air, medicine, fuel…
- REGULATING: climate regulation, water filtration, waste assimilaiton….
- CUTURAL: heritage sites, spiritual areas, tourism, education
- SUPPORTING: soil formation, nutrient cycles….
STV, PTV, PAV, MV
STV= scientific target value PTV = policy target value PAV = protected area value MV = market value
MUCH disagreement btwn STV and PTV
IUCN Goals determined by PAV and MV
Convention on Biodiversity goal C (IUCN) + 2 issues with it
by 2020, 17% terrestrial/inland water and 10% marine areas conserved
- Goal set for 2012 but not reached so they extended it*
- 10% marine goal almost reached BUT they are out in the HIGH SEAS - not in coral beds, seagrass, estuaries, where we really need them*
OEABCM’s
Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures
MUST HAVE:
-purpose to conserve nature
-management with long-term goals
-nature conservation objectives that will not be compromised by conflicting objectives
-results in significant conservation outcomes
-mngmnt regime that is resonably expected to succeed
ICCA’s
ICCA : Indigenous Community Conservation Area
areas where local people hold power over decision-making and have effective mngmnt methods because they place large value on area
