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VTNE review > CleverOrca Analgesia Module > Flashcards

CleverOrca Analgesia Module Flashcards

1
Q

what effect does untreated pain have on the body?

A

suppresses immune system, increases inflammation, and delays healing

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2
Q

how is analgesia achieved?

A

by acting on the central nervous system (centrally) or acting on the site of inflammation (locally)

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3
Q

what is the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)?

A

a pain scale used for humans that tries to measure a characteristic or attitude that is believed to range across a continuum of values and can’t easily be directly measured
it uses subjective ratings

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4
Q

what is the order of the nociception process?

A

transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

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5
Q

what is transduction?

A

conversion of a noxious stimulus into electrical energy by a peripheral nociceptor

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6
Q

what can be used to inhibit transduction?

A

NSAIDs, opioids, local anesthetics

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7
Q

what happens in transmission?

A

pain impulse from transduction moves along peripheral nervous system via first-order neurons to the spinal cord

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8
Q

which nerve fibers are involved in transmission?

A

A-delta: fast fibers responsible for initial sharp pain
C-beta: slow fibers that cause dull pain
A-beta: tactile fibers that have a lower threshold of stimulation

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9
Q

what can be used to reduce transmission?

A

local anesthetics and alpha-2 agonists

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10
Q

what happens during modulation?

A

first-order neurons synapse with second-order neurons in the dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord

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11
Q

what can be used to influence modulation?

A

local anesthetics, alpha-2 agonists, opioids, NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), NMDA receptor antagonists

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12
Q

what is involved in perception of pain?

A

cerebral cortical response to nociceptive signals projected by third-order neurons to the brain

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13
Q

what can be used to inhibit perception of pain?

A

general anesthetics, opioids, alpha-2 agonists

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14
Q

what can Methadone be used as?

A

analgesic and antitussive

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15
Q

what species can oxymorphone not be used in?

A

horses

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16
Q

what does the COX enzyme that NSAIDs block normally do?

A

facilitates the production of prostaglandin G2 which is involved in a variety of enzymatic processes to make compounds necessary for physiological processes and production of prostaglandin E2 (which has a role in the central nervous system with the perception of pain)

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17
Q

COX-1 enzyme

A

expressed in all body tissues and catalyzes prostaglandins

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18
Q

what can occur with repeated inhibition of COX-1?

A

gastric ulceration and renal toxicity

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19
Q

COX-2 enzyme

A

activated in damaged and inflamed tissues and catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins associated with intensifying the inflammatory response
involved in thermoregulation and pain response to injury; and responsible for the antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory actions of NSAIDs

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20
Q

what is the trade name of Aspirin?

A

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

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21
Q

what is inhibited by Galliprant (trade name: Grapiprant)?

A

the activity of prostaglandin EP4
it’s a non-COX inhibiting NSAID

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22
Q

what are NMDA antagonists?

A

blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
they bind to the phencyclidine site of the NMDA receptor decreasing the excitability of neurotransmitter glutamate at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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23
Q

what is an NMDA receptor?

A

glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells

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24
Q

what is an example of an NMDA antagonist drug?

A

ketamine

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25
Q

which drug type does Flumazenil reverse?

A

benzodiazepines

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26
Q

which drug does Yohimbine reverse?

A

xylazine

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27
Q

which drugs make up Telazol?

A

Tiletamine (dissociative anesthetic drug) and Zolazepam (benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug)

28
Q

what class of drugs is Telazol part of?

A

dissociative hypnotics

29
Q

what is the function of the drug Telazol and what procedures is it usually used for?

A

disrupts the central nervous system and induces a cataleptic state
used for dog restraint and minor procedures lasting < 30 minutes

30
Q

which species is xylazine most commonly used in?

A

horses and dogs
or cats for its emetic properties

31
Q

which species is more sensitive to xylazine?

A

ruminants
1/10th the dose used in horses is used in ruminants since they are a lot more sensitive

32
Q

what are common adverse effects of ketamine?

A

tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, increased muscle tone

33
Q

what causes the bradycardia seen with alpha-2 agonists?

A

the initial peripheral vasoconstriction followed by relaxation

34
Q

why should cats not have acetaminophen?

A

it causes Heinz body anemia, methemoglobinemia, hepatic failure, and death

35
Q

which teeth does the mental medial nerve block affect?

A

mandibular incisors, canines, first 3 premolars, and tissue on the side it’s performed on

36
Q

do local anesthetics have MAC sparing effects?

A

yes

37
Q

which teeth does the alveolar nerve block affect?

A

all mandibular teeth and tissue on the side it’s performed on

38
Q

which teeth does the infraorbital nerve block affect?

A

only as far caudal as the third premolars on the side it’s performed

39
Q

which anesthetic block would be used to provide analgesia/anesthesia to the perineum, penis, and urethra?

A

coccygeal epidural

40
Q

which anesthetic block would be used to provide anesthesia for intraocular procedures?

A

retrobulbar block

41
Q

why is Lidocaine used for testicular blocks?

A

the testes are highly vascular

42
Q

what are functions of the COX enzyme?

A

regulation of blood flow to the kidneys and GIT, promotion of platelet aggregation, and begins the inflammation process (vasodilation and increased vascular permeability)

43
Q

what does histamine release cause?

A

histamine release causes vasodilation and hypotension

44
Q

what are the phases of Dexmedetomidine?

A

phase 1: initial vasoconstriction and hypertension —> bradycardia and decreased cardiac output
phase 2: ~ 20 minutes after administration; blood vessels are relaxed and hypotension occurs along with continued bradycardia due to prolonged reduction in sympathetic tone in the CNS

45
Q

which NSAID is only available in oral formulation?

A

Deracoxib

46
Q

which anesthetic block is not considered regional anesthesia?

A

splash block

47
Q

what is a splash block?

A

a local block that bathes small wounds or surgical incisions in local anesthetics to anesthetize the nerve endings

48
Q

how long does phase 1 of Dexmedetomidine administration last?

A

20-40 minutes

49
Q

which analgesic drug is commonly used as a cough suppressant in dogs?

A

Butorphanol

50
Q

where are epidurals placed?

A

lumbosacral intervertebral space
needle placed between L7 and S1

51
Q

which of the following drugs is an NSAID?
a. Betamethasone
b. Hyaluronate
c. Methocarbamol
d. Etodolac

A

Etodolac

52
Q

what is Etodolac?

A

an NSAID drug commonly used for osteoarthritic pain

53
Q

what is Methocarbamol?

A

a muscle relaxant drug

54
Q

what adverse effect is associated with the equine NSAID Phenylbutazone?

A

right dorsal colitis

55
Q

what is Phenylbutazone commonly used for?

A

relief of inflammatory conditions associated with the musculoskeletal system in horses

56
Q

which anesthetic induction agent is dangerous to use on horses and cattle?

A

Etomidate
can lead to muscle rigidity or seizures

57
Q

what is Etomidate?

A

a short-acting drug used for anesthetic induction in some animals

57
Q

which tranquilizer drug can be used to sedate an animal for surgery and prevent vomiting?

A

acepromazine

58
Q

what is Flunixin meglumine?

A

a non-narcotic NSAID used to provide analgesia and reduce inflammation in horses, cattle, and pigs
brand name: Banamine
must be administered IV

59
Q

what is a Bier block?

A

regional anesthesia block that anesthetizes the distal aspect of a limb

60
Q

what is the most common drug used in a Bier block?

A

Lidocaine

61
Q

which of the following drugs is a sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant?
a. Diazepam
b. Xylazine
c. Acepromazine
d. Propofol

A

Xylazine
mainly used in horses or to induce emesis in cats

62
Q

besides Butorphanol, what is an example of an opioid mixed agonist-antagonist?

A

Pentazocine
stimulates kappa receptors and blocks mu receptors

63
Q

what is the most common use of butyrophenones used in (species)?

A

swine and exotic animals

64
Q

which of the following drugs should be avoided during corticosteroid therapy?
a. Meperidine
b. Gabapentin
c. Etodolac
d. Fentanyl

A

Etodolac
corticosteroids shouldn’t be given concurrently with NSAIDs due to an increased risk of GI upset and ulcers

VTNE review (18 decks)

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