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VTNE review > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

section 1

1
Q

systemic circulation is under ______ pressure

A

high

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2
Q

what type of placenta does a pregnant mare have?

A

diffuse placenta

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3
Q

the pressure in the systemic arteries during ventricular contraction is ______

A

systolic

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4
Q

which hormone contracts the reproductive tract in order to help move sperm into the oviducts?

A

oxytocin

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5
Q

what type of muscle is cardiac muscle?

A

striated muscle

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6
Q

what is the order of cardiac depolarization electrical impulses?

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His/AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

which hormone controls cell pigment?

A

MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone

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8
Q

which heart wave is associated with atrial wall depolarization?

A

P wave

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9
Q

where in the heart is the SA node located?

A

in the wall of the right atrium

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10
Q

which type of estrus cycle do dogs have?

A

diestrus

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11
Q

what type of nerves are sensory nerves?

A

afferent nerves
carry sensory info to the central nervous system

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12
Q

what type of nerves are motor nerves?

A

efferent nerves
carry motor info away from central nervous system to the body

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13
Q

when a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization it has reached ______

A

threshold

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14
Q

what becomes blocked in the neuron when local anesthetics are administered?

A

sodium channels

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15
Q

how many nuclei do smooth and cardiac muscle cells have?

A

a single nuclei

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16
Q

when does the corpus luteum develop?

A

during the metestrus stage

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17
Q

what is another name for the metestrus stage?

A

luteal phase

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18
Q

when does the metestrus stage occur?

A

after ovulation

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19
Q

what hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone

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20
Q

what hormone is produced by a developing ovarian follicle?

A

estrogen

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21
Q

where does the blastocyst attach?

A

endometrium

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22
Q

what is the order that hormones are released from estrus cycle to parturition?

A

estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin

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23
Q

what are the types of chorion attachments?

A

cotyledonary, zonary, polycyton

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24
Q

how many mammary glands does a bitch have?

A

8-12

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25
Q

what initiates the heartbeat?

A

SA node

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26
Q

which heart wave is associated with ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

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27
Q

on inspiration how does the pressure of the thoracic cavity compare to the ambient air pressure?

A

thoracic pressure is negative compared to ambient air pressure

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28
Q

what is the primary stimulus for respiration?

A

increased CO2

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29
Q

what pH imbalance is caused by apnea?

A

respiratory acidosis

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30
Q

what is used in gluconeogenesis?

A

amino acids

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31
Q

what can be synthesized from glucose in dogs and cats?

A

vitamin C

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32
Q

cataracts results from __________

A

a problem with transparency of the lens

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33
Q

where is the choroid located?

A

between the sclera and the retina

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34
Q

what are the 3 categories of lipids?

A

neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids

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35
Q

what are the functions of insulin?

A

increased glucose transport, lipogenesis, fatty acid synthesis

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36
Q

which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

cranial nerve X

37
Q

glaucoma results in ________________

A

increased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye

38
Q

where is aqueous humor formed?

A

in the posterior chamber of the eye

39
Q

which hormone triggers and maintains lactation?

A

prolactin

40
Q

which type of placentation do rodents have?

A

discoid placentation

41
Q

where is neurohypophysis located?

A

it is an anatomic section of the hypothalamus

42
Q

what percentage of an animal’s body weight is blood?

A

8%

43
Q

which type of dissection can be made without cutting through a bone-to-bone joint?

A

a forelimb from the body dissection

44
Q

where is the occipital bone located?

A

at the base of the skull

45
Q

what is the process called where glucose is absorbed from the GI tract and stored in the liver?

A

glycogenesis

46
Q

where does the process of voice production begin?

A

in the larynx

47
Q

bile acid-lipid units that carry fat within the gut are called ______

A

miscelles

48
Q

which type of RNA copies info in the DNA?

A

transfer RNA

49
Q

what aids in the digestion of fat?

A

bile acids

50
Q

which heart wave corresponds to atrial contraction?

A

P wave

51
Q

where are the islets of Langerhans found?

A

in the pancreas

52
Q

the systemic circulatory system is under the ______ pressure

A

highest

53
Q

fat in the lymph is associated with ________

A

chylomicrons

54
Q

which ligament supports the ovaries?

A

mesovarium ligament

55
Q

what condition would be expected to cause a CRT of less than 1 second?

A

an animal that has lost RBCs due to a moderate hookworm infection

56
Q

what is the order of the layers that make up an artery from innermost to outermost?

A

tunica intima, tuncia media, tunica adventitia

57
Q

which layer of bone is necessary for the attachment of ligaments and tendons?

A

the periosteum layer

58
Q

what is the fibrous covering around the part of the bone not covered by articular cartilage called?

A

periosteum

59
Q

what is the average number of air sacs in a bird?

A

9

60
Q

what is another name for the gizzard?

A

ventriculus

61
Q

what does the uvea consist of?

A

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

62
Q

which humor is the the front surface of the lens in contact with?

A

aqueous humor

63
Q

what is the muscular structure that separates the left and right ventricles called?

A

interventricular septum

64
Q

where do coronary veins empty blood via the coronary sinus?

A

right atrium

65
Q

pulmonary circulation is under _____ pressure

A

low

66
Q

where is the common site of feed impactions in horses?

A

pelvic flexure

67
Q

what is the distal part of the stomach called?

A

pylorus

68
Q

which cells are found in the fundus and body of the stomach?

A

parietal cells, chief cells, mucous cells

69
Q

which of the following systems contain ducts?
a. endocrine
b. exocrine
c. lympathic

A

exocrine and lympathic systems

70
Q

which part of the endocrine system secretes melatonin?

A

pineal gland

71
Q

what are the functions of the lympathic system?

A

waste transport, protein transport, fluid transport

72
Q

what is the lymphatic structure found in the small intestines that is responsible for transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins called?

A

lacteals

73
Q

which of the following is a lympathic structure?
a. bile duct
b. islets of Langerhans
c. thyroid
d. tonsil

A

tonsil

74
Q

what structures are found in the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

75
Q

what is the hilus?

A

the point where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidneys

76
Q

what is a horse’s daily urine production?

A

20 mL/kg/day

77
Q

what type of placentation do ruminants have?

A

cotyledonary placentation

78
Q

where is oxytocin produced?

A

posterior pituitary gland

79
Q

where are lutenizing hormone, growth hormone, and FSH produced?

A

anterior pituitary gland

80
Q

where are sperm cells produced?

A

seminiferous tubule

81
Q

which gland do canines lack?

A

bulbourethral gland
aka Cowper’s gland

82
Q

what is the time period from the beginning of 1 heat cycle to the beginning of the next called?

A

estrous

83
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do?

A

pulls the testicles closer to the body

84
Q

what is follicular atresia?

A

not all follicles are activated/fully develop in a particular ovarian cycle

85
Q

what hormone do follicles release?

A

estrogen

86
Q

what is the average gestation of a ferret?

A

42 days

87
Q

what does pseudopregnancy result from?

A

an exaggerated diestrus stage

88
Q

the thorax is normally under ____ pressure

A

negative

89
Q

which 2 minerals make up bones?

A

calcium and phosphorus

VTNE review (18 decks)

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