Anatomy Flashcards
section 1
systemic circulation is under ______ pressure
high
what type of placenta does a pregnant mare have?
diffuse placenta
the pressure in the systemic arteries during ventricular contraction is ______
systolic
which hormone contracts the reproductive tract in order to help move sperm into the oviducts?
oxytocin
what type of muscle is cardiac muscle?
striated muscle
what is the order of cardiac depolarization electrical impulses?
SA node, AV node, bundle of His/AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
which hormone controls cell pigment?
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
which heart wave is associated with atrial wall depolarization?
P wave
where in the heart is the SA node located?
in the wall of the right atrium
which type of estrus cycle do dogs have?
diestrus
what type of nerves are sensory nerves?
afferent nerves
carry sensory info to the central nervous system
what type of nerves are motor nerves?
efferent nerves
carry motor info away from central nervous system to the body
when a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization it has reached ______
threshold
what becomes blocked in the neuron when local anesthetics are administered?
sodium channels
how many nuclei do smooth and cardiac muscle cells have?
a single nuclei
when does the corpus luteum develop?
during the metestrus stage
what is another name for the metestrus stage?
luteal phase
when does the metestrus stage occur?
after ovulation
what hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?
progesterone
what hormone is produced by a developing ovarian follicle?
estrogen
where does the blastocyst attach?
endometrium
what is the order that hormones are released from estrus cycle to parturition?
estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin
what are the types of chorion attachments?
cotyledonary, zonary, polycyton
how many mammary glands does a bitch have?
8-12
what initiates the heartbeat?
SA node
which heart wave is associated with ventricular repolarization?
T wave
on inspiration how does the pressure of the thoracic cavity compare to the ambient air pressure?
thoracic pressure is negative compared to ambient air pressure
what is the primary stimulus for respiration?
increased CO2
what pH imbalance is caused by apnea?
respiratory acidosis
what is used in gluconeogenesis?
amino acids
what can be synthesized from glucose in dogs and cats?
vitamin C
cataracts results from __________
a problem with transparency of the lens
where is the choroid located?
between the sclera and the retina
what are the 3 categories of lipids?
neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids
what are the functions of insulin?
increased glucose transport, lipogenesis, fatty acid synthesis
which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?
cranial nerve X
glaucoma results in ________________
increased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye
where is aqueous humor formed?
in the posterior chamber of the eye
which hormone triggers and maintains lactation?
prolactin
which type of placentation do rodents have?
discoid placentation
where is neurohypophysis located?
it is an anatomic section of the hypothalamus
what percentage of an animal’s body weight is blood?
8%
which type of dissection can be made without cutting through a bone-to-bone joint?
a forelimb from the body dissection
where is the occipital bone located?
at the base of the skull
what is the process called where glucose is absorbed from the GI tract and stored in the liver?
glycogenesis
where does the process of voice production begin?
in the larynx
bile acid-lipid units that carry fat within the gut are called ______
miscelles
which type of RNA copies info in the DNA?
transfer RNA
what aids in the digestion of fat?
bile acids
which heart wave corresponds to atrial contraction?
P wave
where are the islets of Langerhans found?
in the pancreas
the systemic circulatory system is under the ______ pressure
highest
fat in the lymph is associated with ________
chylomicrons
which ligament supports the ovaries?
mesovarium ligament
what condition would be expected to cause a CRT of less than 1 second?
an animal that has lost RBCs due to a moderate hookworm infection
what is the order of the layers that make up an artery from innermost to outermost?
tunica intima, tuncia media, tunica adventitia
which layer of bone is necessary for the attachment of ligaments and tendons?
the periosteum layer
what is the fibrous covering around the part of the bone not covered by articular cartilage called?
periosteum
what is the average number of air sacs in a bird?
9
what is another name for the gizzard?
ventriculus
what does the uvea consist of?
iris, ciliary body, and choroid
which humor is the the front surface of the lens in contact with?
aqueous humor
what is the muscular structure that separates the left and right ventricles called?
interventricular septum
where do coronary veins empty blood via the coronary sinus?
right atrium
pulmonary circulation is under _____ pressure
low
where is the common site of feed impactions in horses?
pelvic flexure
what is the distal part of the stomach called?
pylorus
which cells are found in the fundus and body of the stomach?
parietal cells, chief cells, mucous cells
which of the following systems contain ducts?
a. endocrine
b. exocrine
c. lympathic
exocrine and lympathic systems
which part of the endocrine system secretes melatonin?
pineal gland
what are the functions of the lympathic system?
waste transport, protein transport, fluid transport
what is the lymphatic structure found in the small intestines that is responsible for transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins called?
lacteals
which of the following is a lympathic structure?
a. bile duct
b. islets of Langerhans
c. thyroid
d. tonsil
tonsil
what structures are found in the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
what is the hilus?
the point where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidneys
what is a horse’s daily urine production?
20 mL/kg/day
what type of placentation do ruminants have?
cotyledonary placentation
where is oxytocin produced?
posterior pituitary gland
where are lutenizing hormone, growth hormone, and FSH produced?
anterior pituitary gland
where are sperm cells produced?
seminiferous tubule
which gland do canines lack?
bulbourethral gland
aka Cowper’s gland
what is the time period from the beginning of 1 heat cycle to the beginning of the next called?
estrous
what does the cremaster muscle do?
pulls the testicles closer to the body
what is follicular atresia?
not all follicles are activated/fully develop in a particular ovarian cycle
what hormone do follicles release?
estrogen
what is the average gestation of a ferret?
42 days
what does pseudopregnancy result from?
an exaggerated diestrus stage
the thorax is normally under ____ pressure
negative
which 2 minerals make up bones?
calcium and phosphorus
