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URBS 230 > class 9.1 > Flashcards

class 9.1 Flashcards

1
Q

PATTERNS IN URBAN GHG EMISSIONS

A

Cities produce higher total emissions than rural or semi-rural areas.
Per capita emissions are lower in cities than in rural or semi-rural areas.

Reflects effects of population density and compactness in the built environment

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2
Q

variations in the greenhouse emissions are shaped by what?

A

social factors

economic factors

physical factors

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3
Q

relationship between population and emissions

A

positive

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4
Q

Most urban growth to 2050 will be where?

A

Africa and Asia

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5
Q

relationship between wealthier households (cities) and emissions

why?

A

positive

they require more energy

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6
Q

Countries with high urbanization (+75%) have low or high national incomes?

A

high national incomes

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7
Q

Countries with low urbanization (-35%) have low or high national incomes?

A

low national incomes

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8
Q

what happens to emissions when countries urbanize?

A

they usually increase

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9
Q

INDUSTRIAL BASE and energy demand

A

The presence of large manufacturing, construction, industrial production sectors increases energy demand.

Service sectors may also produce large emissions, but these require a different approach to emissions tracking.

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10
Q

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT and the demand for energy?

A

There are significant variations in energy demand for heating and cooling depending on the region

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11
Q

REGIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS

A

Differences in per capita emissions across Canada heavily driven by provincial energy systems.

Demonstrates dependence of urban emissions reductions on climate action from other levels of government

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12
Q

Energy demand from buildings drives about how much of global
emissions

A

20%

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13
Q

Embodied energy in buildings

A

Building materials and construction

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14
Q

Operational energy in buildings

A

Heating, cooling, lighting

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15
Q

High-density residential buildings have lower or higher embodied energy?

what about per capita emissions?

A

higher embodied energy

lower per capita emissions than low-density residential buildings

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16
Q

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

A

Often the largest source of urban emissions, and one of the fastest growing sectors.

In cities the cause of this is obvious – car dependence.

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17
Q

Key mitigation goals for transportation system emissions

A

Vehicle electrification and reduction in Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT)

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18
Q

Urban expansion can happen in three ways:

A
  1. Outward – conversion of croplands, forests, etc. to urban land area
  2. Upward – multi-story buildings
  3. Inward – re-development of unused/underused lands
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19
Q

URBAN CLIMATE ACTION PLANNING OFTEN TAKES THE FORM OF WHAT?

A

STRATEGIC PLANNING

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20
Q

Climate action planning

A

the strategic planning process in which cities develop policies and programs of action to reduce their emissions and/or adapt to impacts of climate change

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21
Q

Two general approaches to climate action planning

A
  • Stand-alone plans
  • Integrating climate change into existing comprehensive development plans
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22
Q

CLIMATE ACTION PLANNING HAS MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS

A
  1. Identify and prioritize actions
  2. Create accountability
  3. Bring stakeholders together
  4. Inform the public
  5. Integrate climate change into other strategic areas
  6. Identify co-benefits to climate action
  7. Represent a city’s commitment on climate change
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23
Q

GHG emissions in montreal in 2015 compared to 1990

A

reduced by 25%

24
Q

the main GHG emissions in Montreal come from where

A

natural gas from stationary sources sector and transportation

25
Q

vision for montreal by 2050

A

to become a carbon neutral city

26
Q

the plan for Montreals vision

A
  1. Mobilization of the community
  2. Mobility, urban planning, and urban development
  3. Buildings
  4. exemplarity of the city
  5. governance
27
Q

Mitigation

A

actions we take to reduce and ultimately eliminate GHG emissions

28
Q

mitigation tactics

A

Decarbonizing fuels & electricity – energy supply

Decarbonizing energy end use – energy demand

29
Q

HOW DO CITIES DECIDE ON CLIMATE POLICY?

A

Local context is key!

What are the major sources of emissions?

What are cities already doing to reduce emissions?

What is going on in the background?

–> Is population growing or shrinking?

–> What is the economic basis of the city?

–> What does the building stock look like?

–> What does the transportation system look
like?

30
Q

MITIGATION ENTRY-POINTS FOR CITIES

A

Land use and zoning powers

Buildings

Infrastructure

Transportation demand management

Corporate operations

31
Q

MITIGATION ENTRY-POINTS FOR CITIES

Land use and zoning powers

A
  • Level of housing density
  • Parking space allocations
  • Creating new types of higher density zoning
32
Q

MITIGATION ENTRY-POINTS FOR CITIES

Buildings

A
  • Regulating building materials
  • Design guidelines
  • Energy and water system requirements
33
Q

MITIGATION ENTRY-POINTS FOR CITIES

Infrastructure

A
  • Bike share systems & cycling infrastructure
  • Sewage and sanitation
  • Curb-side waste management
34
Q

Transportation demand management

A
  • Congestion charging
  • Restrictions on vehicle use
  • Parking restrictions
35
Q

Corporate operations

A
  • Municipal buildings
  • Municipal vehicle fleets
36
Q

WHAT KIND OF POLICY TOOLS CAN CITIES USE FOR MITIGATION?

A

Authority

Voluntary encouragement

Economic (dis)incentives

Organizational

37
Q

examples of authority for mitigation

A
  • Mandates
  • Regulations
  • Development permitting
38
Q

examples of voluntary encouragement for mitigation

A
  • Public education campaigns
  • Partnering with businesses or NGOs
39
Q

examples of Economic (dis)incentives for mitigation

A
  • Taxes
  • Fines
  • Subsidies/grants
  • Development fees
40
Q

examples of Organizational processes for mitigation

A
  • Pilot projects
  • Municipal assets
  • Staff training and education
41
Q

TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

A

Create high density, mixed-used nodes within a 5-10 minute walk of high frequency transit stations.

Aims to increase transit ridership and local businesses.

Often necessary to make the business case for higher density development.

42
Q

CITY OF TORONTO GREEN ROOF BYLAW

A

Requires the installation of green roofs on any new development +2,000 m2 that cover 20-60% surface area

43
Q

benefits of Toronto green roof bylaw

A

stormwater management

air quality

energy efficiency

UHI reduction

public space improvement

44
Q

drawbacks of Toronto green roof bylaw

A

costly

not suited to all building types

expensive to maintain

45
Q

alternative to Toronto green roof bylaw

A

a white roof bylaw

46
Q

BC BUILDING CODE UPDATES

A

All new buildings must be zero carbon by 2030

47
Q

how are all new buildings supposed to be zero carbon by 2030 in BC?

A

Ø Clean Buildings Tax Credit to encourage retrofits in multi-unit buildings

Ø Sales tax exemptions for heat pumps

Ø CleanBC Better Homes Low-Interest Financing Program provides zero- interest loans to move from fossil fuel heating to heat pumps

Ø CleanBC Building Innovation Fund creates incentives for commercialization of new building technologies, designs, and practices to scale up zero carbon building solutions

Ø Municipalities can set carbon pollution performance standards for new buildings

48
Q

CANADA GREENER HOMES INITIATIVE

A

Federal subsidy & loan program for home retrofits to improve energy efficiency

(e.g. window replacement, insulation, heat pump installation, solar panels, furnaces).

49
Q

challenges to the Canada Greener Homes Initiative

A

Accessing licensed evaluators and installers in rural/remote areas is not easy

Only benefits property owners

Need to afford paying up front

50
Q

LEED BUILDING CERTIFICATION

A

Green building certification program created by the U.S. Green Building Council (a non-profit).

Design tool that encourages developers and builders to follow sustainable building practices.

Primarily a voluntary program, sometimes integrated into municipal bylaws or approvals.

51
Q

LOCAL DISTRICT ENERGY SYSTEMS

A

District energy produces energy in a neighbourhood-scale energy center,

then distributes it through residential, commercial, and institutional buildings to meet hot water and heating demands

52
Q

energy sources in energy systems can come from where?

A

sewer heat recovery

geothermal heating

wood waste

waste heat

53
Q

CARBON SEQUESTRATION

A

capturing carbon and storing in “carbon sinks

54
Q

ow do they choose among different actions to reduce GHG?

A

Likely effectiveness (e.g. emissions reduction potential)

Feasibility (e.g. jurisdiction and authority, institutional capacity, social acceptability, timeline)

Costs

Potential to achieving co-benefits

55
Q

HOW DO WE ACHIEVE EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS IN SUBURB AN AREAS?

A

studies find that cities can achieve emissions reductions in residential development even if there aren’t rapid transit options in a neighborhood

so, expand transit to there

URBS 230 (21 decks)

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