class 8.1 Flashcards
Middle income countries
GNP of $1,036-$12,535 per person a year
Low-income countries GNP
GNP of less than $1,035 per person per year
High-income countries GNP
GNP of over $12,536 per person per year
how do CITIES DRIVE INNOVATION, CONSUMPTION AND INVESTMENT?
Cities contribute about 80% of global GDP
They also contribute to about 70% of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
They are often characterized by high levels of inequality
how are cities often characterized by high levels of inequality?
- Spatial polarization of wealth & income
- Informal settlements
- Housing unaffordability
- Environmental pollution
SILENT SPRING
Looks at widespread use of pesticides
Inspires modern environmental movement
Emergence of green political movement
who published Silent Spring?
Published by Rachel Carson in 1962
when was first earth day?
First Earth Day – April 22, 1970
THE LIMITS TO GROWTH
First study to look at human ecological footprint
Finds that we are likely to surpass ecological capacity of the Earth around 2100 unless we reduce resource consumption
who published the Limits to Growth?
the Club of Rome and MIT
HABITAT I (1976)
Focused on the issue of rapid urbanization
Marks the first time the global community recognizes the high exposure of the poor to environmental risk
the issue of rapid urbanization (Habitat 1)
o Inequalities in living conditions
o Social segregation
o Racial discrimination
o Unemployment
o Disease, poverty
o Illiteracy
o Environmental degradation
BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION REPORT (1987)
UN commission on sustainable development
“Our Common Future” articulates a vision for how to achieve economic growth while sustaining environmental resources
Recognizes the environmental costs of historic &
contemporary development
Aims to decouple economic growth from resource extraction - living within finite natural resources
potentially catastrophic consequences of not achieving sustainable development
desertification
deforestation
climate change
ozone depletion
who chaired the UN commission on sustainable development: Brutland Comission Report of 1987
Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland (former Norwegian PM)
who created and when was created the ecological footprint analysis
Ecological footprint analysis was created in 1990 by researchers at the UBC School of Community and Regional Planning
Ecological footprint analysis
Helps us think about how much land and other resources are needed to sustain different lifestyles
The tool calculates “biocapacity”
biocapacity
the area used by an individual to support production and consumption for goods and services, for example:
- Cropland and grazing land
- Forests
- Fisheries
- Built-up land
EARTH SUMMIT (1992)
At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the UN adopts a formal understanding of sustainable development
a formal understanding of sustainable development at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
the three elements of a formal understanding of sustainable development
Environment
Economy
Society
HABITAT II (1996)
what is the goal
to create more sustainable modes of urban development
Special attention to inequality of resource use between the Global North and South, and to the needs of excluded groups
HABITAT II (1996)
what made people come up with this idea
In the mid-1990s the world is on the verge of over 50% of global population living in cities.
International community begins to argue that sustainability must happen through urbanization
HABITAT III (2016)
Cities are framed not only as locations of sustainable development, but as important leaders in sustainable development
