class 12.1

Question 1

HOW IS URBAN GROWTH IS HEAVILY DRIVEN BY MIGRATION?

Answer 1

Migration outweighs “natural population growth” in rapidly growing urban areas.

Migration can happen over short or long distances

Question 2

Migration

Answer 2

the relocation of people between an origin and a destination

Question 3

International Migration

Answer 3

movement across national borders

Question 4

Internal migration

Answer 4

movement between regions within national borders

Question 5

Intraurban migration

Answer 5

migration around an urban region

Question 6

IMMIGRATION

Answer 6

RELOCATION ACROSS COUNTRY BORDERS

Question 7

Immigration occurs through various channels:

Answer 7

Employment-driven relocation

Educational opportunities

Family reunification

Refugee resettlement

Asylum claims

Question 8

PUSH FACTORS AT ORIGIN POINTS WITH A NEGATIVE IMPACT

(pushes to immigrate)

Answer 8

Decline in regional income causing local economic hardship

Loss of employment

Political, religious, ethnic oppression and discrimination

Little to no pathway for personal development in status, marriage, careers

Political instability, conflict or persecution

Question 9

PULL FACTORS AT DESTINATION POINTS WITH A POSITIVE IMPACT

Answer 9

Perceived superior career opportunities in another place

Greater income in another place

Stronger personal safety and security in another place

Personal growth opportunities for better education, etc.

Preferred environments for schools, housing, institutional facilities, etc.

Desires to be with kinship networks in another place

Desire to participate in different activities in another place

Question 10

RELATIVE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN URBAN AREAS

Answer 10

1. Economic advantage of having a high concentration of businesses and people in one place.
2. This clustering facilitates the development and spread of news ideas and innovation.
3. Cities are hubs for transportation and major institutions.

Question 11

Transnationalism

Answer 11

Having multiple connections to or across nations

the result of processes of globalization, including increased migration, economic linkages between countries, and flows of people, goods, information, and finance, which have led to increasing linkages and more complex ties between places

Question 12

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

Answer 12

forced migration often occurs in the context of war, conflict, natural disasters, and political instability

Question 13

largest forced migration in human history

Answer 13

Atlantic slave trade

Question 14

A gateway city

Answer 14

a central entry and exit point for flows of people, commodities, investments, and employment

Most gateway cities represent important nodes in the world economy, as they offer key destinations and spaces where global activities ‘touch down’ and diffuse across national and regional areas

Question 15

WHAT IMPACT DOES MIGRATION HAVE ON ORIGIN PLACES?

Answer 15

1. Brain drain
2. Labor shortages
3. Aging populations
4. Remittances