class 10.1

Question 1

SDG 6:

ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Answer 1

• By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
• By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
• By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
• Protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including
  mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

Question 2

WHAT DO URBAN WATER SYSTEMS DO?

Answer 2

1. Ensure safe drinking water supply
2. Treat wastewater
3. Manage stormwaters that cause flooding

Question 3

COMBINED STORMWATER- SEWER SYSTEMS

Answer 3

• Most of the island of Montréal is serviced by combined stormwater-sewer system
• Drainage pipes beneath each street collect stormwater and transfer it to the city’s interceptor pipes.

Question 4

Stormwater

Answer 4

refers to rainfall that remains on the ground’s surface and flows to water bodies

Question 5

20 TH CENTURY STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

the goal

Answer 5

To remove stormwater as quickly as possible and minimize flooding through systems of pipes and channels

Question 6

20TH CENTURY STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Minor and major conveyance systems

Answer 6

Minor systems remove minor and frequent rainfall (storm sewers, ditches)

Major systems remove heavy but infrequent rainfall (streets, large channels)

Question 7

20TH CENTURY STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

challenges

Answer 7

Displacement of floor risk to downstream communities

Question 8

UR B A N I ZAT I O N IMPACT S NAT UR A L WATER CYCLES

how

Answer 8

Buildings and impervious surfaces alter natural water flows.

Rainfall is redirected to sewers instead of recharging in the ground.

Untreated stormwater can pollute waterways and damage aquatic habitat.

Higher volumes of stormwater entering waterways can increase erosion.

Flooding can result if rainfall exceeds capacity of stormwater drains.

Question 9

WHAT CAN CITIES DO?

Answer 9

Cities can integrate stormwater-sewer separation into routine
maintenance

Question 10

INTEGRATED STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Answer 10

goes beyond infrastructure design

Accommodate urban growth and protect natural resources

Be ecosystem-based

Mimic the natural water cycle

Question 11

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Answer 11

Frames stormwater runoff as a value natural resource that can benefit urban environments

1. Infiltration: aims to reduce the amount of water entering stormwater systems through absorption or evaporation
2. Attenuation: aims to slow the rate of runoff flow so it is released slowly
3. Filter pollutants

Question 12

CHALLENGES FOR ACHIEVING SDG 6

Answer 12

1. Ensuring supply and access
2. Providing affordable services
3. Guaranteeing service quality

Question 13

water stress and what is it

Answer 13

A significant number of cities are water stressed

25%

they rely on surface or groundwater sources that are under stress

Question 14

WESTERN U.S. DROUGHT

Answer 14

Southwestern US is experiencing its worst megadrought in over 1,000 years.

Creates tension between water uses, particularly agricultural and urban users.

A number of cities have introduced water rationing or banned non- essential uses like irrigation of ornamental landscape

Question 15

Challenges for infrastructure systems

Answer 15

Historically, water and sanitation systems were built by governments.

Question 16

the link between disease and urbanization

Answer 16

Disease eradicated becomes central issue for social reformers.

Diseases have high transmission rates – 50% of working class people die before their 50 th birthday.

Late 19th century becomes a turning point for urban infrastructure: construction of the London sanitation system.

22,000 km of local and main sewer lines, pumping stations to move sewage downstream.

Question 17

challenges for ensuring affordability of water services

Answer 17

In places lacking piped drinking and wastewater systems, households rely on water trucks or bottled water.

• This is very expensive! Far more so than piped water.
• The lowest income urban residents tend to pay fees for water access.

Question 18

Low accessibility to high quality and safe drinking water carries a particularly high burden for women and children.

which ones

Answer 18

• Distances traveled for water
• Risks to personal safety
• Missed school

Question 19

Communal toilets are sometimes the only sanitary facility available

what are the consequences of this

Answer 19

• Lack of privacy, safety, and dignity
• Don’t accommodate the needs of menstruating or pregnant people, people with disabilities, etc.
• Lack of private toilets in schools is a major reason that girls miss school in many regions.

Question 20

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

Answer 20

strongly linked to wealth and consumption

People living in central, wealthy neighbourhoods are more likely to have waste collection services.

Poorer neighbourhoods are more likely to dispose of their waste informally.

Waste disposal has a huge impact on water quality.