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URBS 230 > class 2.1 > Flashcards

class 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

A

Period primarily between 1750 and 1850 with significant changes in technology and industrial output

Rejection of the mercantilist economic system that operated during the first wave of colonialism

Rise in trade under mercantile system is a precursor to industrial revolution

–> Significant increase in raw materials flowing into Great Britain (and
elsewhere)

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2
Q

mercantilism

A

national wealth increases through exports

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3
Q

URBAN TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A

Modes of energy production

Mechanization of industry

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4
Q

URBAN IDEA CHANGE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A
  • Capitalism]
  • Competition
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5
Q

URBAN SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A

Creation of the factory system

Primacy of wage-based labour

Expansion of suffrage (right to vote)

Labour organizing

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6
Q

Impact on cities DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A

Rural-urban migration

Rapid population increase

Environmental and health harms

Housing need

infrastructure gaps

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7
Q

SOCIOECONOMIC & POLITICAL CHANGES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A

Capitalist economic system gradually replaces mercantilism.

Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations in 1776 describing a new system of private ownership, division of labour, capital accumulation, and free trade.

Intellectual basis for rise of small/medium businesses and business-owning middle class

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8
Q

Adam Smith’s “The Wealth of Nations” main ideas

A

Underpins much of the economic reforms of the industrial revolution:

  • Specialized production
  • Investing profits in mechanization
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9
Q

STEAM ENGINE AND THE URBANIZATION OF PRODUCTION

A

Uses coal and boiling water to create mechanical motion.

Replaces water mills and the need to locate production along waterways.

Boulton and Watt steam engine 1775 becomes a major source of power.

Allows companies to set up production facilities anywhere.

See factories emerging in cities.

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10
Q

SPINNING JENNY AND WAGE-BASED FACTORY LABOUR

A

Revolutionizes textile manufacturing.

Created by James Hargreaves in 1764.

Weaving moves from a specialized craft to wage-based work employing hundreds of people per factory.

Replaces the ”cottage industry” of skilled textile workers with factory production that can be operated by anyone.

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11
Q

NEW MODES OF TRANSPORTATION EXPAND MARKET ACCESS

A

Canals (1870s – 1930s)

Railways (1830s – 20th century)

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12
Q

Prior to the industrial revolution, what were most
people involved in?

A

agricultural production or specialized cottage industries.

Mills, factories and mines had to be located near running sources of water

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13
Q

with the modern factory system of production, where can factories be?

A

Now factories can locate anywhere – they get larger and move closer to towns and cities.

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14
Q

rapid urban population growth during industrial revoltuion

A

Britain shifts from an agrarian to urban country.

Factories move closer to cities, and people move closer to factories.

Firms cluster as they seek access to transportation hubs, capital, labour.

Urban growth shifts from just London to the north of England (Manchester, Liverpool, Sheffield), Wales (Cardiff), and Scotland (Glasgow)

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15
Q

who benefits from industrial revolution?

A

Certainly see general improvements in welfare (e.g. child mortality rates, literacy rates)

However, we also see:
Ø Huge increase in income/wealth inequality
Ø Poor working conditions
Ø Labour exploitation
Ø High rates of unemployment
Ø Poor working class living conditions

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16
Q

POVERTY AND THE NEW WORKING CLASS by Engels

A

Engels argues that the industrial revolution has made workers (the industrial proletariat) worse off:

The new manufacturing economy is creating a more polarized class structure of rich and poor.

The manufacturing economy has a centralizing economy, drawing workers into towns and cities.

But the living conditions of the urban poor are horrendous – starvation, overcrowded slum housing, unsanitary streets, high homelessness.

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17
Q

THE MARXIST CRITIQUE

A

Karl Marx writes the second defining book of the industrial revolution – Capital published in 1867.

Critique of the economic system underlying capitalism and the political and legal systems that create it.

Argues that capitalism is predicated on exploitation – the bourgeoisie is protected at the expense of workers.

Predicts capitalism was collapse.

18
Q

PROTEST MOVEMENTS

A

First efforts to unionize labour begin in the early 1800s.

Trade unions legalized in 1824 in Britain.

Cities as sites for labour mobilization and protest.

Largely excludes women (and children).

Luddites organized to protest textile manufacturing.

Luddite movement was formed by skilled textile workers displaced by factories.

Movement squashed with military force.

19
Q

INCREMENTAL REFORMS TO ADDRESS SOCIAL UNREST

A

Britain responds with graduate expansion of voting rights that shifts balance of political power from rural to urban areas

reform act of 1867

representation of the People Act 1918

representation of the People Act 1928

20
Q

reform act of 1867

A

extends voting rights to urban dwellers

maintains a property qualification that disqualifies 40% of men from voting

21
Q

representation of the People Act 1918

A

property restrictions are lifted and all men over the age of 21 given the right to vote. Women over 30 years of age who own property are given the right to vote (about 40% of women)

22
Q

representation of the People Act 1928

A

equal suffrage for men and women over the age of 21, no property restrictions

23
Q

OVERALL CHANGES IN BRITAIN DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A

Factories move into the cities

–> Large population growth in towns and cities. London becomes the first city to reach 2 million people.

–> Work becomes mechanized and demand for “unskilled” factory labour explodes

Challenges: Growing inequality between middle/upper classes and working class

Benefits: rising literacy, reduced infant mortality, rising standard of living for many

Harms: environmental and health impacts of industrialization

24
Q

DECLINE IN AIR QUALITY

A

The industrial revolution is powered by coal.

At the beginning, Britain produced about 5.2 million tons of coal per year.

By 1850 coal production reaches 62.5 million tons per year.

Causes enormous air pollution, with terrible health consequences

25
Q

WATER-BORNE DISEASES

A

Water quality becomes a major issue in urban Britain.

inadequate sanitation infrastructure meant that waste was thrown in the streets, and drinking water systems often flooded with sewage.

Cholera was especially deadly – it was assumed to spread through bad air (“miasma theory”).

Social reformers campaigned for construction of sanitation system

26
Q

BROAD STREET CHOLERA OUTBREAK

A

1854 cholera outbreak on Broad Street in Soho, London.

A physician named John Snow suspects cholera is spreading through the water system and investigates.

He traces the outbreak to a water pump on Broad Street that provides water to the neighbourhood.

Creates the modern study of epidemiology and contact tracing.

27
Q

URBANIZATION AND DISEASE BECOME LINKED

A

Disease eradicated becomes central issue for social reformers.

Diseases have high transmission rates – 50% of working class people die before their 50th birthday.

Late 19th century becomes a turning point for urban infrastructure: construction of the London sanitation system.

22,000 km of local and main sewer lines, pumping
stations to move sewage downstream.

28
Q

GREENING CITIES

A

The wealthy can escape the city for rural estates, but what of everyone else?

Pressure grows to create green spaces in cities for working people.

First landscaped public park opens in Derby, England in 1840.

Funded by philanthropic donations. Public parks take off– reflects a Victorian ideal of civic virtue and and public spaces.

29
Q

UTOPIAN URBAN PLANNING IN THE VICTORIAN PERIOD

A

The garden city: A model of urban planning created by Ebenezer Howard at the end of the 19th century.

Proposed as a solution to the environmental health challenges of the Victorian city.

Publishes “Garden Cities of Tomorrow” in 1898 – sets out the design and business model of the garden city.

Self-contained small city surrounded by a greenbelt, population ~32,000 people.

30
Q

THE FIRST GARDEN CITIES

A

LETCHWORTH

WELWYN

31
Q

MAJOR UPHEAVALS AT THE START OF THE 20TH CENTURY

A

Moving into the 20th century, urbanists are thinking about environmental health and alleviating poor housing conditions.

Sanitation infrastructure becomes an essential part of city building

32
Q

major historic events in the 29th century

A
  • First World War
  • Russian Revolution
  • Great Depression
  • Second World War
33
Q

Two dominant political-economic models emerge in the 20th century

A

Keynesian managed capitalism (western Europe, North America, global) and socialism (northern and eastern Europe, global).

34
Q

JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES

A

English economist who challenges laissez-faire capitalism.

Publishes “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” in 1936.

Criticizes idea that markets can naturally provide for full employment.

Argues that governments need to spend money during recessions to reduce unemployment, even if they run deficits.

Advocates for managed capitalism.

Economic theory underpinning significant spending on public works programs in the mid-20th century

35
Q

MPROVEMENTS TO HOUSING QUALITY
IN THE UK

A

1890: Housing for the Working Classes Act

  • Aims to regulate housing for those in need

1919: Housing and Town Planning Act

  • Creates council housing
  • Homes for Heroes

1945: Britain needs over 750,000 new homes

  • Subsidizes construction of new high-rise council housing in urban cores, council estates on town peripheries
  • Becomes main source of affordable housing today: 500,000 new council flats built in London alone
36
Q

US NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM

1956: Eisenhower passes the Federal
Aid Highway Act.

what is the vision?

A

Vision: a highway system to connect every America city with over 50,000 people, and useful for defensive purposes.

37
Q

IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ON URBAN AREAS

A

Facilitates urban dispersion, suburban development.

Creates a direct link between federal transportation policy local urban planning.

Reactions to neighbourhood clearances for highway construction spurs the emergence of community-based planning movement.

Jane Jacobs and the Lower Manhattan Expressway, Spadina Expressway

38
Q

EMERGENCE OF SOCIALIST CITIES

A

Emerge with the creation of the Soviet Union and modern social democratic policies in northern Europe.

Influence of socialism in strong in some post-colonial parts of the world

39
Q

Two trajectories in socialism:

A

Autocratic Socialism (e.g. Soviet Union, China)

Social democratic politics (e.g. Sweden, Denmark)

40
Q

WHAT MAKES A SOCIALIST CITY?

A

Many of the issues facing socialist cities are also faced by capitalist cities, but:

  • Government has much stronger authority over land use planning and development in socialist cities (compared to capitalist cities)
  • Especially strong in non-democratic states, where government has ownership of land and resources and urban issues aren’t democratically debated

Public space is centrally planned.

Socialist Europe and Russia used a modernist approach to urban design and architecture.

  • Emphasizes densification and separation of uses
  • Use of new technology, like prefabrication of building parts

URBS 230 (21 decks)

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