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Western Medicine > Class 9: Digestive System > Flashcards

Class 9: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

most absorption takes place in the

A

SI

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2
Q

name the two anatomical subdivisions of the digestive system

A
  • digestive tract (alimentary canal)

- accessory organs

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3
Q

GI tract is lined with

A

lumen

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4
Q

within the lumen, the lining is made up of …

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

middle layer of GI tract is composed of…

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

nervous system for the GI tract…

A

enteric nervous system-controlled by medulla oblongata

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7
Q

serosa is…

A

the tough fibrous wrapping around the GI tract

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8
Q

smooth muscle (muscularis externa) is responsible for…

A

peristalsis

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9
Q

which plexuses go to the enteric nervous system?

A
  • submucosal

- mysenteric

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10
Q

Auerbach plexus is…

A

the nerves innervating the esophogus, stomach, and intestine

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11
Q

auerbach plexus is connected to which part of the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

the enteric nervous system functions completely dependently/independently of the cns

A

independently

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system exerts a significant influence on the…

A

enteric nervous system

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14
Q

motility and secretion of the digestive tract are controlled by

A

neural, hormonal, and paracrine mechanisms

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15
Q

neural control- 2 types of reflexes

A

short, long

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16
Q

hormones of digestive tracts

A

gastrin and secretin

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17
Q

chemical messengers are secreted into the bloodstream and stimulate distant parts of the

A

digestive tract

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18
Q

paracrine secretions are…

A

prostaglandins with a local effect

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19
Q

components of saliva

A

salivary amylase, lingual lipase, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, elecrolytes

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20
Q

salivary amylase function

A

breaks down starches in the mouth

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21
Q

lingual lipase function…

A

enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after the food is swallowed

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22
Q

mucus function

A

binds and lubricates the mass of food and aids in swallowing

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23
Q

lysozyme function

A

enzyme that kills bacteria

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24
Q

immunoglobulin A function

A

an antibody that inhibits bacterial growth

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25
Q

average pH of saliva

A

6.8-7.0

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26
Q

salivary gland in front of ear is called

A

parotid gland

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27
Q

what squirts saliva into the cheek?

A

parotid duct

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28
Q

pharynx is a…

A

muscular funnel that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus

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29
Q

the pharynx allows the entrance of air from the

A

nasal cavity to the larynx

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30
Q

esophogus is a…

A

straight muscular tube 25-30 cm long

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31
Q

esophagus begins level with

A

C6 and the cricoid cartilage

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32
Q

esophagus extends from the

A

pharynx to the cardiac orifice of the stomach

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33
Q

esophagus passes through the

A

esophogeal hiatus

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34
Q

the lower esophogeal sphincter causes food to…

A

pause at this point

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35
Q

the stomach function

A
  • mechanically breaks up food particles
  • liquifies the food
  • begins the chemical digestion of protein and fat
36
Q

chyme is

A

soupy or pasty mixture of semi-digested food in the stomach

37
Q

most digestion occurs after the chyme

A

passes on to the small intestine

38
Q

primary function of the stomach is for food…

A

storage

39
Q

four regions of the stomach

A

1-cardiac region
2- fundic region
3-body
4-pyloric region

40
Q

cardiac region of the stomach is located

A

small region within 3 cm of the cardiac orifice

41
Q

the fundic region of the stomach is the

A

dome-shaped portion of the stomach

42
Q

the body of the stomach makes up the…

A

greatest part of the stomach

43
Q

the pyloric region of the stomach is located

A

at the narrower pouch at the inferior end of the stomach

44
Q

vasovagal reflex is the collection of…

A

parasympathetic fibers from vagus and sympathetic fibers from celiac ganglia

45
Q

all blood that’s drained from the stomach and intestines enters the

A

hepatic portal circulation

46
Q

blood from st and intest. is filtered through the …. before returning to the …

A

liver, heart

47
Q

4 cells in gastric pit

A

1) mucous cells
2) parietal cells
3) chief cells
4) enteroendocrine cells

48
Q

mucous cells secrete… predominate in…

A

mucus, cardiac and pyloric glands

49
Q

parietal cells secrete

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

50
Q

chief cells secrete (most numerous)

A

lipase and pepsinogen

51
Q

enteroendocrine cells are concentrated in the

A

lower end of the gland

52
Q

hydrochloric acid converts… to …, which breaks down… to …..

A

pepsinogen, pepsin, proteins, peptides

53
Q

intrinsic factor is a…

A

glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells

54
Q

intrinsic factor is essential to…

A

absorption of vitamin b12 by the SI

55
Q

vitamin B12 is needed to synthesize…

A

hemoglobin. Prevents pernicious anemia

56
Q

the only indispensable function of the stomach is

A

secretion of intrinsic factor

57
Q

meal emptied from stomach takes about

A

4 hours

58
Q

most ulcers are caused by what bacteria?

A

helicobacter pylori

59
Q

gastritis is…. that can lead to a

A

inflammation of the stomach, peptic ulcer

60
Q

functions of liver

A

-absorb glucose, amino acids, etc. from blood
-remove and degrade hormones, toxins, etc
-secrete into the blood stuff
-

61
Q

between meals the liver

A

breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose into the blood

62
Q

gallbladder function

A

stores and concentrates bile

63
Q

bile definition

A

a yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, etc.

64
Q

gallstones are hard masses in either the… or..

A

gallbladder or bile ducts

65
Q

the pancreas is both a…

A

endocrine and exocrine gland

66
Q

endocrine portion of pancreas secretes

A

insulin and glucagon

67
Q

the exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice

68
Q

sodium bicarbonate raises

A

pH of acidic chyme in duodenum

69
Q

pancreatic amylase digests

A

starch

70
Q

pancreatic lipase digests

A

fat

71
Q

pancreatic protease digests

A

proteins

72
Q

acetylcholine comes from the

A

vagus and enteric nerves

73
Q

cholecystokinin is secreted by…. in response to the arrival of…

A

mucosa of duodenum, fats in SI

74
Q

secretin is released from…. in response to…

A

duodenum, acidic chyme arriving from the stomach

75
Q

3 parts of the stomach

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

76
Q

duodenum function

A

receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice, bile

neutralize stomach acid

77
Q

jejunum function

A

most digestion happens here

78
Q

ileum forms the last…

A

60% of the post-duodenal SI

79
Q

ileocecal valve is a sphincter formed by

A

the thickened muscle of the ileum

80
Q

the ileocecal valve protrudes into the

A

cecum

81
Q

function of ileocecal valve is to

A

regulate the passage of food residue into the large intestine

82
Q

lipids are absorbed by

A

lymphatic capillaries called lacteals

83
Q

sigmoid colon is the…

A

s-shaped portion leading down into the pelvis

84
Q

rectum is the portion…

A

ending at the anal canal

85
Q

the anal canal is the final…

A

3 cm of the LI

Western Medicine (10 decks)

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