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Western Medicine > Class 10: Urinary System > Flashcards

Class 10: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

female urethra is shorter/longer than male?

A

shorter

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2
Q

internal sphincter is under

A

involuntary control

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3
Q

external sphincter is under

A

voluntary control

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4
Q

prostate glad surrounds the…

A

urethra

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5
Q

kidney functions to filter…

A

blood plasma, separate waste

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6
Q

kidney functions to return useful substances to the

A

blood

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7
Q

kidney regulates blood pressure and volume by …

A

eliminating or conserving water

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8
Q

kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids by…

A

controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes eliminated

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9
Q

kidney secretes the enzyme…

A

renin

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10
Q

enzyme renin activates…

A

hormonal mechanisms that control blood pressure and electrolyte balance

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11
Q

kidney secretes the hormone…

A

erythropoitin

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12
Q

kidney hormone erythropoitin stimulates

A

production of red blood cells

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13
Q

kidney collaborates with the…

A

lungs to regulate the pCO2 and acid-base balance of body fluids

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14
Q

kidney takes the final step in synthesizing the hormone…

A

calcitriol

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15
Q

calcitriol contributes to …

A

calcuim homeostasis

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16
Q

kidneys produce… from…. in starvation

A

gluconegenesis from amino acids

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17
Q

four body systems carry out excretion

A

resipratory system, integumentarly system, digestive system, urinary system

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18
Q

Urea formation process

A

proteins to amino acids. nitrogen is removed, which forms ammonia.

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19
Q

Liver converts ammonia to…

A

urea

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20
Q

uric acid is a product of…

A

nucleic acid catabolism

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21
Q

creatinine is a product of

A

creatine phosphate catabolism

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22
Q

blood urea nitrogen is the expression of…

A

nitrogenous waste in the blood

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23
Q

normal concentration of blood urea is

A

10-20 mg/dl

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24
Q

azotemi is…

A

elevated BUN, indicates renal insufficiency

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25
Q

uremia syndome symptoms

A

diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia

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26
Q

kidney lie against the posterior…

A

abdominal wall at level of T12 to L3

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27
Q

right kidney is slightly… due to the

A

lower, large right lobe of liver

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28
Q

rib 12 crosses the middle of the

A

left kidney

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29
Q

location of the kidneys is

A

retroperitoneal

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30
Q

kidneys are located behind the…

A

peritoneal cavity

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31
Q

kidneys are small, but they get about… % of the cardiac output

A

21%

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32
Q

renal artery divides into segmental

A

arteries that give rise to other parts of the kidneys

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33
Q

the interlobar arteries are located…

A

up the renal columns, between the pyramids

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34
Q

the arcuate arteries are located…

A

over the pyramids

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35
Q

the interlobular arteries go…

A

up into the cortex

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36
Q

each afferent arteriole supplies one…

A

nephron

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37
Q

the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of… called…

A

capillaries… glomerulus

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38
Q

blood is drained from the glomerulus by…

A

efferent arterioles

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39
Q

renal vein empties into the…

A

inferior vena cava

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40
Q

the nephron can be considered the…

A

functional unit of the kidney

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41
Q

each kidney has about…

A

1.2 millions nephrons

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42
Q

each nephron is composed of two principle parts. Name them.

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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43
Q

the renal corpuscle function is to

A

filter the blood plasma

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44
Q

the renal tubule is a…

A

long coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

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45
Q

the renal corpuscle consists of the…

A

glomerulus and a two-layered glomerular capsule that encloses the glomerulus

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46
Q

the parietal layer of the Bowman capsule is made up of…

A

simple squamous epithelium

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47
Q

the visceral layer of the Bowman capsule consists of cells called… that wrap around the…

A

podocytes, capillaries of the glomerulus

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48
Q

the capsular space separates…

A

the two layers of the Bowman capsule

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49
Q

4 parts of the renal tube

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule
  • Collecting Duct
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50
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule arises from the…

A

glomerular capsule

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51
Q

the nephron loop is also called…

A

the loop of Henle

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52
Q

the nephron loop what part of the renal tubule?

A

The long u-shaped portion

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53
Q

the descending and ascending limbs are heavily engaged in…

A

the active transport of salts and have many mitochondria

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54
Q

cells in the nephron loop are very permeable to…

A

water

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55
Q

the distal convoluted tubule begins shortly after the…

A

ascending limb reenters the cortex

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56
Q

the collecting duct receives fluid from the …

A

distal convoluted tubules as it passes back into the medulla

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57
Q

almost any molecule smaller than…. can pass freely through the filtration membrane

A

3nm- water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, vitamins

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58
Q

some substances of low molecular weight are bound to the… and cannot get through the…

A

plasma proteins, membrane

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59
Q

kidney infections and trauma can damage the…. and allow….

A

filtration membrane, albumin or blood cells to filter

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60
Q

proteinuria is the presence of…

A

protein in the urine

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61
Q

hematuria is the presence of…

A

blood in the urine

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62
Q

distance runners and swimmers often experience temporary…

A

proteinuria or hematuria

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63
Q

glomerular filtrate is the…

A

fluid in the capsular space

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64
Q

glomerular filtrate is similar to…

A

blood plasma except that it has almost no protein

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65
Q

tubular fluid is…

A

fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule

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66
Q

urine is the…

A

fluid that enters the collecting duct

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67
Q

3 stages of urine formation

A

1-glomerular filtration
2-tubular reabsorption and secretion
3-water conservation

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68
Q

the glomerular filtration rate is driven by

A

blood pressure

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69
Q

the glomerular filtration rate is the amount of… formed per….. by the…..

A

filtrate, minute, 2 kidneys combined

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70
Q

the total amount of filtrate produced equals …. times the amount of blood in the body

A

50-60

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71
Q

what percent of filtrate is absorbed each day?

A

99%

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72
Q

how many liters of urine are excreted each day

A

1-2

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73
Q

if the GFR rises above normal that is…

A

high blood pressure

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74
Q

if the GFR falls below normal that is…

A

low blood pressure

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75
Q

renin is secreted by…. when…

A

juxtaglomerular cells, BP drops dramatically

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76
Q

renin converts…

A

angiotensinogen into angiotensinogen I

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77
Q

angiotensinogen is a…. protein

A

blood

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78
Q

in the LU and KI, angiotenisin-converting enzyme converts…. to ….

A

angiotensin I to angiotensin II, the active hormone

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79
Q

aldosterone is secreted by…

A

the adrenal cortex

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80
Q

the primary function of aldosterone is….

A

to increase blood pressure

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81
Q

aldosterone acts on the…

A

distal convoluted tubule

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82
Q

aldosterone functions to control….

A

blood fluid volume

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83
Q

aldosterone controls blood fluid volume by…

A

conserving sodium, retaining water, excreting potassium

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84
Q

tubular reabsorption returns the water and solutes to…

A

the bloodstream

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85
Q

tubular secretion sends water and solutes…

A

back to tubules to form urine

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86
Q

proteins remain in the blood after…., which….

A

filtration, elevates colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

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87
Q

tubular secretion is the process…

A

in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid

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88
Q

two purposes in proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop

A

waste removal and acid-base balance

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89
Q

stages in which urine is formed

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption and secretion
  • water conservation
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90
Q

glomerular filtrate is the fluid in the ….

A

capsular space. it’s blood plasma without protein

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91
Q

the tubular fluid is the fluid in the…

A

renal tubule

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92
Q

urine is called urine once it enters the…

A

collecting duct

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93
Q

PCT reabsorbs… of glomerular filtrate and returns it to….

A

65%, peritubular capillaries

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94
Q

nephron loop reabsorbs another…

A

25% of filtrate

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95
Q

DCT completes the process of determining the chemical composition of…

A

urine

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96
Q

the collecting duct conserves…

A

water

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97
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about… of glomerular filtrate

A

65%

98
Q

… of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed by the

A

2/3, PCT

99
Q

the transport maximum of glucose is limited by…

A

the number of transport proteins in the plasma membrane

100
Q

transport maximum is reached when….

A

transporters are saturated

101
Q

each solute has its own

A

transport maximum

102
Q

the primary function of the nephron loop is to generate…that enables…

A

salinity gradient, collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water

103
Q

tubular fluid is… as it enters the…

A

dilute, distal convoluted tubule

104
Q

role of the DCT is to… by…

A

concentrate urine, reabsorbing water

105
Q

the reabsorbed water re-enters the…

A

bloodstream

106
Q

antidiuretic hormone is secreted by…

A

the posterior lobe of the pituitary

107
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) responds to…

A

dehydration and rising blood osmolarity by stimulating the hypothalamus, which stimulates the posterior pituitary

108
Q

Antidiuretic hormone makes the collecting duct more…

A

permeable to water so it can reenter the bloodstream

109
Q

if the blood pressure is low in a dehydrated person, the

A

GFR will be low because the filtrate moves more slowly and there is more time for reabsorption

110
Q

urinalysis is the…

A

examination of the physical and chemical properites of urine

111
Q

yellow color in urine is due to…

A

urochrome pigment from the breakdown of hemoglobin

112
Q

odor in urine from

A

bacteria degrading urea to ammonia

113
Q

chemical composition of urine

A

95% water, 5% solutes

114
Q

normal volume for the average adult is…

A

1-2 L/day

115
Q

polyuria is output…

A

in excess of 2L/day

116
Q

oliguria is output of…

A

less than 500mL/day

117
Q

anuria is output of…

A

0-100mL/Day

118
Q

diabetes is…

A

any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria

119
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

high levels of glucose, which opposes the reabsorption of water,

120
Q

diabetes insipidus caused by

A

ADH hyposecretion causing not enough water to be reabsorbed in the collecting duct

121
Q

another name for a kidney stone is a…

A

renal calculus

122
Q

a renal calculus (kidney stone) is a…

A

hard granule of calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, or magnesium salt

123
Q

kidney stones form in the

A

renal pelvis

124
Q

causes of kidney stones (renal calculus) are….

A

dehydration, pH imbalances, frequent UTIs, enlarged prostate gland

125
Q

cystitis is infection of the…

A

urinary bladder

126
Q

pyelitis is infection of the…

A

renal pelvis

127
Q

pyelonephritis is an infection that…

A

reaches the cortex and the nephrons

128
Q

three types of homeostatic balance

A

1-water balance
2-electrolyte balance
3-acid-base balance

129
Q

water balance is when

A

gain and losses are equal

130
Q

water gain comes from two sources

A 
ingested water (preformed)
metabolic water-byproduct of aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis
131
Q

water loss two types

A

sensible and insensible

132
Q

sensible water loss is…

A

observable

133
Q

insensible water loss is…

A

unnoticed

134
Q

amount of water lost per day through urine

A

1,500 mL

135
Q

two major fluid compartments of the body

A 
intracellular fluid (65%)
extracellular fluid (35%)
136
Q

water moves through compartments via

A

osmosis

137
Q

osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by…

A

the relative concentrations of solutes in each compartment

138
Q

electrolytes are the most abundant…

A

solute particles

139
Q

sodium salts are located in the

A

ECF

140
Q

potassium salts are located in the

A

ICF

141
Q

electrolytes play the principle role in governing the bodys….

A

water distribution and total water content

142
Q

edema happens when…

A

fluid accumulates within the intersititial compartments

143
Q

dehydration reduces…

A

blood volume and pressure

144
Q

dehydration increases…

A

blood osmolarity

145
Q

which part of the brain regulates fluid intake?

A

hypothalamus

146
Q

what part of the brain produces a conscious sense of thirst?

A

cortex

147
Q

what receptors in the hypothalamus regulate fluid intake?

A

osmoreceptors

148
Q

rise in blood osmolarity causes the blood pressure to…

A

drop

149
Q

a rise in osmolarity causes the hypothalamus to produce…

A

antidiuretic hormone, which promotes water conservation

150
Q

renin/angiotensin/aldostrone system is activated when…

A

there is a rise in osmolarity

151
Q

ADH makes water go….

A

back into the body for use

152
Q

ADH release is inhibited when… is too high or…. is too low

A

blood volume and pressure, blood osmolarity

153
Q

fluid imbalance refers to abnormality of…

A

volume, concentration, distribution of fluid among compartments

154
Q

volume depletion other name

A

hypovolemia

155
Q

volume depletion (hypovolemia) happens when

A

the total body water declines, but the osmolarity remains normal (hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea)

156
Q

dehydration happens when …

A

the body eliminates significantly more water than sodium

157
Q

as the total body water declines, the osmolarity…

A

rises

158
Q

infants are more vulnerable to dehydration than adults due to…

A

high metabolic rate that demands high urine excretion

159
Q

the body conserves heat by constricting

A

blood vessels of the skin forcing blood to deeper circulation

160
Q

cold air is drier and increases… also reducing…

A

respiratory water loss, blood volume

161
Q

cold weather respiratory and urinary losses cause a state of…

A

reduced blood volume (hypovolemia)

162
Q

another name for reduced blood volume is….

A

hypovolemia

163
Q

sweat is produced by…

A

capillary filtration

164
Q

when blood volume and pressure drop, osmolarity…

A

rises

165
Q

when dehydrated, blood will absorb ….. to replace loss

A

tissue fluid

166
Q

in dehydration, the tissue fluid is pulled from the…

A

ICF

167
Q

Heat Exhaustion signs

A

dehydration, excessive sweating, rapid heart beat, dizziness, fatigue, muscle cramps

168
Q

Untreated Heat Exhaustion Leads to…

A

Heat stroke

169
Q

Heat Stroke signs

A

medical emergency, “sun stroke,” hot skin, elevated body temperature, brain and organ damage

170
Q

Heat Stroke can be…

A

fatal

171
Q

fluid excess is more or less common than fluid deficiency?

A

less

172
Q

Why is fluid excess not as common?

A

because the kidneys are highly effective in compensating for excessive intake by excreting more urine

173
Q

renal failure can lead to…

A

fluid retention

174
Q

what are the two types of fluid excess?

A

volume excess and hypotonic hydration

175
Q

hypotonic hydration happens when…

A

there is more water than Na+ retained or ingested. The ECF becomes hypotonic

176
Q

Major Cations for Electrolyte Balance

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+

177
Q

Sodium is the principle …. responsible for…

A

ion, resting membrane potentials

178
Q

Sodium is the principle cation in the…

A

ECF

179
Q

Sodium Salts account for…. of osmolarity of ECF

A

90-95%

180
Q

Adults need about … of sodium per day

A

.5g

181
Q

aldosterone is the… hormone

A

salt retaining (raises BP)

182
Q

Aldostrone causes urine to contain….

A

less NaCl, more Potassium, and lower pH

183
Q

Hypernatremia is defined as….

A

sodium concentration greater than 145 mEq/L

184
Q

Hyponatremia is defined as…

A

plasma sodium concentrate less than 130

185
Q

Hypernatremia caused by

A

too much IV saline

186
Q

Hyponatremia caused by

A

sweating without replacing sodium

187
Q

Potassium is the most abundant…

A

cation of the ICF

188
Q

Which elecrolyte imbalance is most dangerous?

A

potassium

189
Q

hyperkalemia can cause…

A

cardiac arrest

190
Q

hyperkalemia is defined as…

A

too much potassium

191
Q

hypokalemia is defined as…

A

not enough potassium

192
Q

hypokalemia caused by

A

sweating, chronic vomiting, diarrhea

193
Q

hypokalemia causes the nerve and muscle cells to be…

A

less excitable. causes muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, decreased reflexes, and arrhythmias from irregular electrical activity in the heart

194
Q

calcium affects the skeleton how?

A

strengthens is

195
Q

calcium is involved in which aspect of muscle contraction?

A

sliding filament mechanism

196
Q

calcium is a second messenger for some…

A

hormones and neurotransmitters

197
Q

calcium activates…. of neurotransmitters

A

exocytosis

198
Q

calcium is an essential factor in blood…

A

clotting

199
Q

hypercalcemia defined as…

A

too much calcuim

200
Q

hypocalcemia defined as …

A

not enough calcium

201
Q

hypocalcemia will cause the nervous and muscles systems to be…

A

abnormally excitable

202
Q

why is acid-base balance so important

A

for homeostasis

203
Q

metabolism depends on… and … are sensitive to….

A

enzymes, enzymes, pH

204
Q

a slight deviation from the normal pH can shut down the ….

A

entire metabolic pathways and alter the structure and function of macromolecules

205
Q

what is the normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid?

A

7.35-7.45

206
Q

metabolism constantly produces…

A

acid

207
Q

metabolism causes

A
  • lactic acids
  • phosphoric acid
  • fatty acid and ketones
  • carbonic acid
208
Q

lactic acid comes from…

A

anaerobic fermentation

209
Q

phosphoric acid comes from..

A

nucleic acid catabolism

210
Q

fatty acids and ketones come from…

A

fat catabolism

211
Q

carbonic acid comes from

A

carbon dioxide

212
Q

metabolic acidosis is a pH of…

A

less than 7.35

213
Q

metabolic alkylosis is a pH of…

A

greater than 7.45

214
Q

pH of a solution is determined by…

A

only its hydrogen ions

215
Q

acid definition

A

any chemical that releases H+ in solution

216
Q

bases definition

A

any chemical that accepts H+

217
Q

buffer definition

A

any mechanism that resists changes in pH

218
Q

buffers can convert…

A

strong acids or bases to weak ones

219
Q

two types of buffers…

A

physiological and chemical

220
Q

physiological buffers types

A

urinary system and respiratory system

221
Q

does urinary system or respiratory system alter pH more?

A

urinary system

222
Q

chemical buffers will restore normal pH within how much time?

A

seconds

223
Q

three types of chemical buffers

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, protein systems

224
Q

Protein buffers account for about…

A

3/4 of all chemical buffering in the body fluids

225
Q

bicarbonate functions best in the…

A

LU and KI to constantly remove CO2

226
Q

to lower pH, KI excrete…

A

HCO3

227
Q

to raise pH, Ki and LU excrete…

A

H+, CO2

228
Q

Phosphate Buffer system will…

A

liberate H+ and decrease pH or bind H+ and increase pH

229
Q

The respiratory system neutralizes how much acid compared to chemical buffers

A

2-3 times

230
Q

what is constantly produced by aerobic metabolism?

A

CO2

231
Q

increased plasma CO2 stimulates what?

A

pulmonary ventilation

232
Q

decreased plasma CO2 inhibits what?

A

pulmonary ventilation

233
Q

renal tubules secrete… into the tubular fluid

A

H+

234
Q

two types of acid-base imbalances…

A

respiratory and metabolic

235
Q

respiratory acidosis occurs in what disease…

A

emphysema-not blowing off CO2 quickly enough

236
Q

respiratory alkalosis caused by..

A

hyperventilation where the CO2 is eliminated faster than it’s produced

237
Q

metabolic acidosis caused by…

A

acidic drugs (aspirin), chronic diarrhea, laxative overuse

238
Q

metabolic acidosis is a increased production of…

A

organic acids such as lactic acid and ketone bodies (diabetes)

239
Q

metabolic alkalosis caused by

A

overuse of bicarbonates and loss of stomach acid

240
Q

how does the body compensate for acidosis or alkalosis?

A

kidneys-respiratory origin

respiratory system-metabolic origin

Western Medicine (10 decks)

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