Class 10: Urinary System Flashcards
female urethra is shorter/longer than male?
shorter
internal sphincter is under
involuntary control
external sphincter is under
voluntary control
prostate glad surrounds the…
urethra
kidney functions to filter…
blood plasma, separate waste
kidney functions to return useful substances to the
blood
kidney regulates blood pressure and volume by …
eliminating or conserving water
kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids by…
controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes eliminated
kidney secretes the enzyme…
renin
enzyme renin activates…
hormonal mechanisms that control blood pressure and electrolyte balance
kidney secretes the hormone…
erythropoitin
kidney hormone erythropoitin stimulates
production of red blood cells
kidney collaborates with the…
lungs to regulate the pCO2 and acid-base balance of body fluids
kidney takes the final step in synthesizing the hormone…
calcitriol
calcitriol contributes to …
calcuim homeostasis
kidneys produce… from…. in starvation
gluconegenesis from amino acids
four body systems carry out excretion
resipratory system, integumentarly system, digestive system, urinary system
Urea formation process
proteins to amino acids. nitrogen is removed, which forms ammonia.
Liver converts ammonia to…
urea
uric acid is a product of…
nucleic acid catabolism
creatinine is a product of
creatine phosphate catabolism
blood urea nitrogen is the expression of…
nitrogenous waste in the blood
normal concentration of blood urea is
10-20 mg/dl
azotemi is…
elevated BUN, indicates renal insufficiency
uremia syndome symptoms
diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia
kidney lie against the posterior…
abdominal wall at level of T12 to L3
right kidney is slightly… due to the
lower, large right lobe of liver
rib 12 crosses the middle of the
left kidney
location of the kidneys is
retroperitoneal
kidneys are located behind the…
peritoneal cavity
kidneys are small, but they get about… % of the cardiac output
21%
renal artery divides into segmental
arteries that give rise to other parts of the kidneys
the interlobar arteries are located…
up the renal columns, between the pyramids
the arcuate arteries are located…
over the pyramids
the interlobular arteries go…
up into the cortex
each afferent arteriole supplies one…
nephron
the afferent arterioles leads to a ball of… called…
capillaries… glomerulus
blood is drained from the glomerulus by…
efferent arterioles
renal vein empties into the…
inferior vena cava
the nephron can be considered the…
functional unit of the kidney
each kidney has about…
1.2 millions nephrons
each nephron is composed of two principle parts. Name them.
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
the renal corpuscle function is to
filter the blood plasma
the renal tubule is a…
long coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine
the renal corpuscle consists of the…
glomerulus and a two-layered glomerular capsule that encloses the glomerulus
the parietal layer of the Bowman capsule is made up of…
simple squamous epithelium
the visceral layer of the Bowman capsule consists of cells called… that wrap around the…
podocytes, capillaries of the glomerulus
the capsular space separates…
the two layers of the Bowman capsule
4 parts of the renal tube
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Collecting Duct
The proximal convoluted tubule arises from the…
glomerular capsule
the nephron loop is also called…
the loop of Henle
the nephron loop what part of the renal tubule?
The long u-shaped portion
the descending and ascending limbs are heavily engaged in…
the active transport of salts and have many mitochondria
cells in the nephron loop are very permeable to…
water
the distal convoluted tubule begins shortly after the…
ascending limb reenters the cortex
the collecting duct receives fluid from the …
distal convoluted tubules as it passes back into the medulla
almost any molecule smaller than…. can pass freely through the filtration membrane
3nm- water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, vitamins
some substances of low molecular weight are bound to the… and cannot get through the…
plasma proteins, membrane
kidney infections and trauma can damage the…. and allow….
filtration membrane, albumin or blood cells to filter
proteinuria is the presence of…
protein in the urine
hematuria is the presence of…
blood in the urine
distance runners and swimmers often experience temporary…
proteinuria or hematuria
glomerular filtrate is the…
fluid in the capsular space
glomerular filtrate is similar to…
blood plasma except that it has almost no protein
tubular fluid is…
fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule
urine is the…
fluid that enters the collecting duct
3 stages of urine formation
1-glomerular filtration
2-tubular reabsorption and secretion
3-water conservation
the glomerular filtration rate is driven by
blood pressure
the glomerular filtration rate is the amount of… formed per….. by the…..
filtrate, minute, 2 kidneys combined
the total amount of filtrate produced equals …. times the amount of blood in the body
50-60
what percent of filtrate is absorbed each day?
99%
how many liters of urine are excreted each day
1-2
if the GFR rises above normal that is…
high blood pressure
if the GFR falls below normal that is…
low blood pressure
renin is secreted by…. when…
juxtaglomerular cells, BP drops dramatically
renin converts…
angiotensinogen into angiotensinogen I
angiotensinogen is a…. protein
blood
in the LU and KI, angiotenisin-converting enzyme converts…. to ….
angiotensin I to angiotensin II, the active hormone
aldosterone is secreted by…
the adrenal cortex
the primary function of aldosterone is….
to increase blood pressure
aldosterone acts on the…
distal convoluted tubule
aldosterone functions to control….
blood fluid volume
aldosterone controls blood fluid volume by…
conserving sodium, retaining water, excreting potassium
tubular reabsorption returns the water and solutes to…
the bloodstream
tubular secretion sends water and solutes…
back to tubules to form urine
proteins remain in the blood after…., which….
filtration, elevates colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
tubular secretion is the process…
in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid
two purposes in proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop
waste removal and acid-base balance
stages in which urine is formed
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption and secretion
- water conservation
glomerular filtrate is the fluid in the ….
capsular space. it’s blood plasma without protein
the tubular fluid is the fluid in the…
renal tubule
urine is called urine once it enters the…
collecting duct
PCT reabsorbs… of glomerular filtrate and returns it to….
65%, peritubular capillaries
nephron loop reabsorbs another…
25% of filtrate
DCT completes the process of determining the chemical composition of…
urine
the collecting duct conserves…
water
the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about… of glomerular filtrate
65%
… of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed by the
2/3, PCT
the transport maximum of glucose is limited by…
the number of transport proteins in the plasma membrane
transport maximum is reached when….
transporters are saturated
each solute has its own
transport maximum
the primary function of the nephron loop is to generate…that enables…
salinity gradient, collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water
tubular fluid is… as it enters the…
dilute, distal convoluted tubule
role of the DCT is to… by…
concentrate urine, reabsorbing water
the reabsorbed water re-enters the…
bloodstream
antidiuretic hormone is secreted by…
the posterior lobe of the pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) responds to…
dehydration and rising blood osmolarity by stimulating the hypothalamus, which stimulates the posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone makes the collecting duct more…
permeable to water so it can reenter the bloodstream
if the blood pressure is low in a dehydrated person, the
GFR will be low because the filtrate moves more slowly and there is more time for reabsorption
urinalysis is the…
examination of the physical and chemical properites of urine
yellow color in urine is due to…
urochrome pigment from the breakdown of hemoglobin
odor in urine from
bacteria degrading urea to ammonia
chemical composition of urine
95% water, 5% solutes
normal volume for the average adult is…
1-2 L/day
polyuria is output…
in excess of 2L/day
oliguria is output of…
less than 500mL/day
anuria is output of…
0-100mL/Day
diabetes is…
any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria
diabetes mellitus
high levels of glucose, which opposes the reabsorption of water,
diabetes insipidus caused by
ADH hyposecretion causing not enough water to be reabsorbed in the collecting duct
another name for a kidney stone is a…
renal calculus
a renal calculus (kidney stone) is a…
hard granule of calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, or magnesium salt
kidney stones form in the
renal pelvis
causes of kidney stones (renal calculus) are….
dehydration, pH imbalances, frequent UTIs, enlarged prostate gland
cystitis is infection of the…
urinary bladder
pyelitis is infection of the…
renal pelvis
pyelonephritis is an infection that…
reaches the cortex and the nephrons
three types of homeostatic balance
1-water balance
2-electrolyte balance
3-acid-base balance
water balance is when
gain and losses are equal
water gain comes from two sources
ingested water (preformed) metabolic water-byproduct of aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis
water loss two types
sensible and insensible
sensible water loss is…
observable
insensible water loss is…
unnoticed
amount of water lost per day through urine
1,500 mL
two major fluid compartments of the body
intracellular fluid (65%) extracellular fluid (35%)
water moves through compartments via
osmosis
osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by…
the relative concentrations of solutes in each compartment
electrolytes are the most abundant…
solute particles
sodium salts are located in the
ECF
potassium salts are located in the
ICF
electrolytes play the principle role in governing the bodys….
water distribution and total water content
edema happens when…
fluid accumulates within the intersititial compartments
dehydration reduces…
blood volume and pressure
dehydration increases…
blood osmolarity
which part of the brain regulates fluid intake?
hypothalamus
what part of the brain produces a conscious sense of thirst?
cortex
what receptors in the hypothalamus regulate fluid intake?
osmoreceptors
rise in blood osmolarity causes the blood pressure to…
drop
a rise in osmolarity causes the hypothalamus to produce…
antidiuretic hormone, which promotes water conservation
renin/angiotensin/aldostrone system is activated when…
there is a rise in osmolarity
ADH makes water go….
back into the body for use
ADH release is inhibited when… is too high or…. is too low
blood volume and pressure, blood osmolarity
fluid imbalance refers to abnormality of…
volume, concentration, distribution of fluid among compartments
volume depletion other name
hypovolemia
volume depletion (hypovolemia) happens when
the total body water declines, but the osmolarity remains normal (hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea)
dehydration happens when …
the body eliminates significantly more water than sodium
as the total body water declines, the osmolarity…
rises
infants are more vulnerable to dehydration than adults due to…
high metabolic rate that demands high urine excretion
the body conserves heat by constricting
blood vessels of the skin forcing blood to deeper circulation
cold air is drier and increases… also reducing…
respiratory water loss, blood volume
cold weather respiratory and urinary losses cause a state of…
reduced blood volume (hypovolemia)
another name for reduced blood volume is….
hypovolemia
sweat is produced by…
capillary filtration
when blood volume and pressure drop, osmolarity…
rises
when dehydrated, blood will absorb ….. to replace loss
tissue fluid
in dehydration, the tissue fluid is pulled from the…
ICF
Heat Exhaustion signs
dehydration, excessive sweating, rapid heart beat, dizziness, fatigue, muscle cramps
Untreated Heat Exhaustion Leads to…
Heat stroke
Heat Stroke signs
medical emergency, “sun stroke,” hot skin, elevated body temperature, brain and organ damage
Heat Stroke can be…
fatal
fluid excess is more or less common than fluid deficiency?
less
Why is fluid excess not as common?
because the kidneys are highly effective in compensating for excessive intake by excreting more urine
renal failure can lead to…
fluid retention
what are the two types of fluid excess?
volume excess and hypotonic hydration
hypotonic hydration happens when…
there is more water than Na+ retained or ingested. The ECF becomes hypotonic
Major Cations for Electrolyte Balance
Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+
Sodium is the principle …. responsible for…
ion, resting membrane potentials
Sodium is the principle cation in the…
ECF
Sodium Salts account for…. of osmolarity of ECF
90-95%
Adults need about … of sodium per day
.5g
aldosterone is the… hormone
salt retaining (raises BP)
Aldostrone causes urine to contain….
less NaCl, more Potassium, and lower pH
Hypernatremia is defined as….
sodium concentration greater than 145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia is defined as…
plasma sodium concentrate less than 130
Hypernatremia caused by
too much IV saline
Hyponatremia caused by
sweating without replacing sodium
Potassium is the most abundant…
cation of the ICF
Which elecrolyte imbalance is most dangerous?
potassium
hyperkalemia can cause…
cardiac arrest
hyperkalemia is defined as…
too much potassium
hypokalemia is defined as…
not enough potassium
hypokalemia caused by
sweating, chronic vomiting, diarrhea
hypokalemia causes the nerve and muscle cells to be…
less excitable. causes muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, decreased reflexes, and arrhythmias from irregular electrical activity in the heart
calcium affects the skeleton how?
strengthens is
calcium is involved in which aspect of muscle contraction?
sliding filament mechanism
calcium is a second messenger for some…
hormones and neurotransmitters
calcium activates…. of neurotransmitters
exocytosis
calcium is an essential factor in blood…
clotting
hypercalcemia defined as…
too much calcuim
hypocalcemia defined as …
not enough calcium
hypocalcemia will cause the nervous and muscles systems to be…
abnormally excitable
why is acid-base balance so important
for homeostasis
metabolism depends on… and … are sensitive to….
enzymes, enzymes, pH
a slight deviation from the normal pH can shut down the ….
entire metabolic pathways and alter the structure and function of macromolecules
what is the normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid?
7.35-7.45
metabolism constantly produces…
acid
metabolism causes
- lactic acids
- phosphoric acid
- fatty acid and ketones
- carbonic acid
lactic acid comes from…
anaerobic fermentation
phosphoric acid comes from..
nucleic acid catabolism
fatty acids and ketones come from…
fat catabolism
carbonic acid comes from
carbon dioxide
metabolic acidosis is a pH of…
less than 7.35
metabolic alkylosis is a pH of…
greater than 7.45
pH of a solution is determined by…
only its hydrogen ions
acid definition
any chemical that releases H+ in solution
bases definition
any chemical that accepts H+
buffer definition
any mechanism that resists changes in pH
buffers can convert…
strong acids or bases to weak ones
two types of buffers…
physiological and chemical
physiological buffers types
urinary system and respiratory system
does urinary system or respiratory system alter pH more?
urinary system
chemical buffers will restore normal pH within how much time?
seconds
three types of chemical buffers
bicarbonate, phosphate, protein systems
Protein buffers account for about…
3/4 of all chemical buffering in the body fluids
bicarbonate functions best in the…
LU and KI to constantly remove CO2
to lower pH, KI excrete…
HCO3
to raise pH, Ki and LU excrete…
H+, CO2
Phosphate Buffer system will…
liberate H+ and decrease pH or bind H+ and increase pH
The respiratory system neutralizes how much acid compared to chemical buffers
2-3 times
what is constantly produced by aerobic metabolism?
CO2
increased plasma CO2 stimulates what?
pulmonary ventilation
decreased plasma CO2 inhibits what?
pulmonary ventilation
renal tubules secrete… into the tubular fluid
H+
two types of acid-base imbalances…
respiratory and metabolic
respiratory acidosis occurs in what disease…
emphysema-not blowing off CO2 quickly enough
respiratory alkalosis caused by..
hyperventilation where the CO2 is eliminated faster than it’s produced
metabolic acidosis caused by…
acidic drugs (aspirin), chronic diarrhea, laxative overuse
metabolic acidosis is a increased production of…
organic acids such as lactic acid and ketone bodies (diabetes)
metabolic alkalosis caused by
overuse of bicarbonates and loss of stomach acid
how does the body compensate for acidosis or alkalosis?
kidneys-respiratory origin
respiratory system-metabolic origin