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Western Medicine > Class 11: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Class 11: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

hormones will float around in the blood stream and then reach..

A

the target organ or target tissue

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2
Q

Endocrine organs are…

A

pineal glad, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid, gonads

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3
Q

exocrine glands have…

A

exits.., have ducts.

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4
Q

endocrine glands have…

A

no ducts. have intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism

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5
Q

there are several chemicals that function as both

A

hormones and neurotransmitters

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6
Q

what is the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems?

A

they regulate each other

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7
Q

neurons trigger…

A

hormone secretion

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8
Q

hormones will affect neurons how?

A

stimulate or inhibit

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9
Q

three classes of chemicals

A

steroids, peptides and glycoproteins, monoamines

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10
Q

steroids are derived from…

A

cholesterol

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11
Q

steroids are secreted by..

A

gonads and adrenal glands

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12
Q

estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA and calcitriol are all…

A

steroids

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13
Q

peptides and glycoproteins are created from..

A

chains of amino acids

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14
Q

peptides and glycoproteins are secreted by which parts of the brain?

A

pituitary and hypothalamus

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15
Q

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, releasing and inhibiting hormones, and anterior pituitary hormones are all…

A

peptides and glycoproteins

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16
Q

monoamines are derived from..

A

amino acids

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17
Q

monamines are secreted by which endocrine glands?

A

adrenals, pineal, thyroid glands

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18
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin and thyroid hormone are all..

A

monamines

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19
Q

hypothalamus “instructs” the…

A

pituitary gland

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20
Q

hypothalamus produces …., which affect pituitary function

A

releasing factors or inhibitory factors

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21
Q

somatostatin affects the…

A

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

dopamine affects the…

A

anterior pituitary

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23
Q

TRH affects the

A

anterior pituitary

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24
Q

CRH affects the

A

anterior pituitary

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25
Q

GnRH affects the…

A

anterior pituitary

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26
Q

GHRH affects the…

A

anterior pituitary

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27
Q

hypothalamus forms the…

A

floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain

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28
Q

hypothalamus regulates what?

A

primitive functions of the brain-water balance to thermoregulation to sex drive

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29
Q

the pituitary gland is suspended from the… by a…

A

hypothalamus, stalk

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30
Q

the pituitary is housed in the…

A

sell turcica of the sphenoid

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31
Q

adenohypophysis is the…, contains…

A

anterior pituitary, glandular tissue

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32
Q

neurohypophysis is the…, contains

A

posterior pituitary, neural tissue

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33
Q

2 hormones that influence the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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34
Q

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are stored…

A

in the posterior pituitary, but posterior pituitary does not synthesize them

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35
Q

ADH increases…, thus reducing.. and preventing

A

water retention, urine volume, dehydration

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36
Q

ADH is also called what, why?

A

vasopressin, vasoconstriction

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37
Q

OT stimulates…

A

labor contractions during childbirth and the flow of milk during lactation

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38
Q

OT is short for

A

oxytocin

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39
Q

Oxytocin

A

is produced by hugging and petting

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40
Q

and…

A

makes wifies happy :)

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41
Q

FSH-follicle stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of…

A

ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production

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42
Q

LH-lutenizing hormone stimulates…

A

ovulation, progesterone, testes to secrete testosterone

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43
Q

TSH-thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of…

A

thyroid hormone

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44
Q

ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates

A

adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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45
Q

PRL-prolactin stimulates…

A

mammary glads to synthesize milk and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes

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46
Q

GH-growth hormone stimulates

A

mitosis and cellular differentiation

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47
Q

Growth hormone releasing factor stimulates…

A

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

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48
Q

GHRF induces the … to produce…

A

LR, growth stimulants

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49
Q

pineal gland controls the…

A

biological clock

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50
Q

pineal gland produces…

A

melatonin

51
Q

thymus is a site of….

A

maturation of T cells, which are important in immune defense

52
Q

thymus progressively…

A

degenerates after puberty

53
Q

thyroid glad secretes…

A

calcitonin

54
Q

calcitonin regulates…

A

serum Ca+ levels

55
Q

Calcitonin stimulates

A

osteoblast activity and bone formation

56
Q

parathyroid glads are located…

A

on the posterior surface of the thyroid

57
Q

Parathyroid glad secretes…, which increases…

A

parathyroid hormone, blood Ca levels

58
Q

Adrenal glad has two parts…

A

cortex and medulla

59
Q

adrenal medulla which part of the adrenal

A

inner core

60
Q

adrenal medulla has a duel…

A

nature. acting as endocrine glad and sympathetic gangion

61
Q

when the adrenal medulla is stimulated it releases

A

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

62
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine mobilize…

A

fuels (lactate, fatty acids, glucose)

63
Q

glycogen is the storage form of…

A

glucose

64
Q

in glucose-sparing, muscles use fatty acids and save glucose for the…

A

brain

65
Q

gluconeogenesis is the production of…

A

glucose from non-glucose sources (fat and protein)

66
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine act like the

A

sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

the hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal axic is known as the…

A

adaptive homeostat

68
Q

categories of corticosteriouds from the adrenal cortex (3)

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids

69
Q

mineralocorticoids regulate..

A

electrolyte balance

70
Q

aldostrone stimulates…

A

Na retention and K excretion

71
Q

cortisol is a …

A

glucocorticoid

72
Q

cortisol stimulates…

A

fat and protein catabolism, geluconeogenesis and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood

73
Q

cortisol helps body to…

A

adapt to stress and repair tissues

74
Q

long term cortisol production can lead to…

A

immune suppression

75
Q

androgens and estradiol are…

A

sex steroids

76
Q

adrogens set… throughout life

A

libido

77
Q

estradiol is important after…

A

menopause for sustaining bone mass

78
Q

addison is defined as…

A

hyposecretion of the entire adrenal gland

79
Q

with addison’s disease there is insufficient…

A

androgens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids

80
Q

pancreas has which functions?

A

exocrine and endocrine

81
Q

pancreatic hormones (3)

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

82
Q

insulin comes from…

A

islets of langerhans

83
Q

insulin is secreted by which cells?

A

B, Beta cells

84
Q

insulin is secreted…

A

during and after a meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising

85
Q

insulin stimulates…

A

cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them, lowering blood glucose levels

86
Q

glucogon is secreted by

A

A or alpha cells

87
Q

glucagon is released when..

A

blood is hypoglycemic

88
Q

somatostatin is secreted by…

A

D or delta cells

89
Q

somatostatin partially..

A

suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

90
Q

somatostatin function related to digestion

A

slows digestion down, which prolongs absorption of nutrients

91
Q

hormones that raise blood glucose

A

glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone

92
Q

hormones that lower blood glucose

A

insulin

93
Q

ovaries are both…

A

endocrine and exocrine glands

94
Q

ovarian hormones are…

A

estradiol, progesterone, inhibin

95
Q

testicular hormones are..

A

testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, inhibin

96
Q

hormones are very…

A

powerful

97
Q

synergistic effects…

A

multiple hormones act together for a greater effect

98
Q

permissive effects…

A

one hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second later hormone

99
Q

antagonistic effects

A

one hormone opposes the action of another

100
Q

FSH and testosterone are an example off… effect

A

synergistic

101
Q

estrogen and progesterone are examples of a…. effect

A

permissive

102
Q

insulin and glucagon are examples of a… effect

A

antagonistic

103
Q

most hormones are taken up and degraded by…

A

liver and kidney

104
Q

hormones are secreted in the…

A

bile or urine

105
Q

three phases of stress

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

106
Q

alarm phase prepares the body for

A

fight or flight

107
Q

in the alarm phase, what is consumed?

A

stored glycogen

108
Q

in the alarm phase, what is increased?

A

aldosterone and angiotensin

109
Q

second phase is dominated by…

A

cortisol

110
Q

in the second phase, what part of the brain secretes what?

A

pituitary, increases ACTH

111
Q

cortisol has what kind of effect on glucose

A

glucose-sparing. inhibits protein synthesis leaving free amino acids for glucogenesis

112
Q

third stage of exhaustion

A

marked by rapid decline, HT and KI infection, muscle wasting, adrenal cortex shuts down

113
Q

paracrines examples

A

histamines, prostaglandin

114
Q

histamines cause…

A

relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle

115
Q

prostaglandins are…

A

inflammatory and anti-inflammatory

116
Q

myxedema is another name for

A

hypothyroidism in adults

117
Q

a goiter is…

A

any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland

118
Q

graves disease causes…

A

hyperthyroidism

119
Q

hyperparathyroidism promotes

A

renal calculi formation (kidney stones)

120
Q

cushing syndrome is…

A

excess cortisol secretion

121
Q

adrenogenital syndrome accompanies…

A

cushings

122
Q

adrenogenital syndrome causes

A

englargement of sexual organs

123
Q

cushing causes

A

hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema, abnormal fat deposit, muscle and bone loss

124
Q

what is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world

A

diabetes

Western Medicine (10 decks)

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