Class 11: Endocrine System Flashcards
hormones will float around in the blood stream and then reach..
the target organ or target tissue
Endocrine organs are…
pineal glad, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid, gonads
exocrine glands have…
exits.., have ducts.
endocrine glands have…
no ducts. have intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism
there are several chemicals that function as both
hormones and neurotransmitters
what is the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems?
they regulate each other
neurons trigger…
hormone secretion
hormones will affect neurons how?
stimulate or inhibit
three classes of chemicals
steroids, peptides and glycoproteins, monoamines
steroids are derived from…
cholesterol
steroids are secreted by..
gonads and adrenal glands
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA and calcitriol are all…
steroids
peptides and glycoproteins are created from..
chains of amino acids
peptides and glycoproteins are secreted by which parts of the brain?
pituitary and hypothalamus
oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, releasing and inhibiting hormones, and anterior pituitary hormones are all…
peptides and glycoproteins
monoamines are derived from..
amino acids
monamines are secreted by which endocrine glands?
adrenals, pineal, thyroid glands
epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin and thyroid hormone are all..
monamines
hypothalamus “instructs” the…
pituitary gland
hypothalamus produces …., which affect pituitary function
releasing factors or inhibitory factors
somatostatin affects the…
anterior pituitary
dopamine affects the…
anterior pituitary
TRH affects the
anterior pituitary
CRH affects the
anterior pituitary
GnRH affects the…
anterior pituitary
GHRH affects the…
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus forms the…
floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain
hypothalamus regulates what?
primitive functions of the brain-water balance to thermoregulation to sex drive
the pituitary gland is suspended from the… by a…
hypothalamus, stalk
the pituitary is housed in the…
sell turcica of the sphenoid
adenohypophysis is the…, contains…
anterior pituitary, glandular tissue
neurohypophysis is the…, contains
posterior pituitary, neural tissue
2 hormones that influence the posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are stored…
in the posterior pituitary, but posterior pituitary does not synthesize them
ADH increases…, thus reducing.. and preventing
water retention, urine volume, dehydration
ADH is also called what, why?
vasopressin, vasoconstriction
OT stimulates…
labor contractions during childbirth and the flow of milk during lactation
OT is short for
oxytocin
Oxytocin
is produced by hugging and petting
and…
makes wifies happy :)
FSH-follicle stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of…
ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production
LH-lutenizing hormone stimulates…
ovulation, progesterone, testes to secrete testosterone
TSH-thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of…
thyroid hormone
ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates
adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
PRL-prolactin stimulates…
mammary glads to synthesize milk and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes
GH-growth hormone stimulates
mitosis and cellular differentiation
Growth hormone releasing factor stimulates…
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
GHRF induces the … to produce…
LR, growth stimulants
pineal gland controls the…
biological clock
pineal gland produces…
melatonin
thymus is a site of….
maturation of T cells, which are important in immune defense
thymus progressively…
degenerates after puberty
thyroid glad secretes…
calcitonin
calcitonin regulates…
serum Ca+ levels
Calcitonin stimulates
osteoblast activity and bone formation
parathyroid glads are located…
on the posterior surface of the thyroid
Parathyroid glad secretes…, which increases…
parathyroid hormone, blood Ca levels
Adrenal glad has two parts…
cortex and medulla
adrenal medulla which part of the adrenal
inner core
adrenal medulla has a duel…
nature. acting as endocrine glad and sympathetic gangion
when the adrenal medulla is stimulated it releases
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
epinephrine and norepinephrine mobilize…
fuels (lactate, fatty acids, glucose)
glycogen is the storage form of…
glucose
in glucose-sparing, muscles use fatty acids and save glucose for the…
brain
gluconeogenesis is the production of…
glucose from non-glucose sources (fat and protein)
epinephrine and norepinephrine act like the
sympathetic nervous system
the hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal axic is known as the…
adaptive homeostat
categories of corticosteriouds from the adrenal cortex (3)
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids
mineralocorticoids regulate..
electrolyte balance
aldostrone stimulates…
Na retention and K excretion
cortisol is a …
glucocorticoid
cortisol stimulates…
fat and protein catabolism, geluconeogenesis and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood
cortisol helps body to…
adapt to stress and repair tissues
long term cortisol production can lead to…
immune suppression
androgens and estradiol are…
sex steroids
adrogens set… throughout life
libido
estradiol is important after…
menopause for sustaining bone mass
addison is defined as…
hyposecretion of the entire adrenal gland
with addison’s disease there is insufficient…
androgens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids
pancreas has which functions?
exocrine and endocrine
pancreatic hormones (3)
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
insulin comes from…
islets of langerhans
insulin is secreted by which cells?
B, Beta cells
insulin is secreted…
during and after a meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
insulin stimulates…
cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them, lowering blood glucose levels
glucogon is secreted by
A or alpha cells
glucagon is released when..
blood is hypoglycemic
somatostatin is secreted by…
D or delta cells
somatostatin partially..
suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
somatostatin function related to digestion
slows digestion down, which prolongs absorption of nutrients
hormones that raise blood glucose
glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone
hormones that lower blood glucose
insulin
ovaries are both…
endocrine and exocrine glands
ovarian hormones are…
estradiol, progesterone, inhibin
testicular hormones are..
testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, inhibin
hormones are very…
powerful
synergistic effects…
multiple hormones act together for a greater effect
permissive effects…
one hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second later hormone
antagonistic effects
one hormone opposes the action of another
FSH and testosterone are an example off… effect
synergistic
estrogen and progesterone are examples of a…. effect
permissive
insulin and glucagon are examples of a… effect
antagonistic
most hormones are taken up and degraded by…
liver and kidney
hormones are secreted in the…
bile or urine
three phases of stress
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
alarm phase prepares the body for
fight or flight
in the alarm phase, what is consumed?
stored glycogen
in the alarm phase, what is increased?
aldosterone and angiotensin
second phase is dominated by…
cortisol
in the second phase, what part of the brain secretes what?
pituitary, increases ACTH
cortisol has what kind of effect on glucose
glucose-sparing. inhibits protein synthesis leaving free amino acids for glucogenesis
third stage of exhaustion
marked by rapid decline, HT and KI infection, muscle wasting, adrenal cortex shuts down
paracrines examples
histamines, prostaglandin
histamines cause…
relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle
prostaglandins are…
inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
myxedema is another name for
hypothyroidism in adults
a goiter is…
any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland
graves disease causes…
hyperthyroidism
hyperparathyroidism promotes
renal calculi formation (kidney stones)
cushing syndrome is…
excess cortisol secretion
adrenogenital syndrome accompanies…
cushings
adrenogenital syndrome causes
englargement of sexual organs
cushing causes
hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema, abnormal fat deposit, muscle and bone loss
what is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world
diabetes
