Class 4: Sense Organs Flashcards
4 Types of Information Receptors Transmit
- Modality
- Location
- Intensity
- Duration
Tonic Receptors Adapt…
slowly
proprioceptors detect…
body position and movement
free nerve endings detect
- pain and temperature
- skin and mucous membrane
Tactile Discs are associated with…
Merkel Cells (acupuncture)
nociceptors detect
pain
two types of nociceptors
- fast (myelinated) sharp, stabbing
- slow (unmyelinated) diffuse, dull
somatic pain
skin, muscles, joints
visceral pain
organs
bradykinins are
potent chemicals that stimulate pain fibers
CNS modulates pain by releasing…
endorphins
Spinal Gating function
- stops pain signals at the posterior horn of the spinal cord.
- blocks signals from traveling up the cord to the brain
spinal gating
-stimulation distracts the transmission of the signal
in order to have taste molecules must
dissolve in saliva and flood the taste pore
five primary sensations
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
Salty Taste produced by
metal ions
Sweet Taste associated with
carbohydrates and other foods of high caloric value
Sour Tastes are
acids, such as citrus fruits
Bitter Taste is Associated with
spoiled foods
alkaloids: nicotine, caffeine, quinine, morphine
Umami Taste associated with
“Meaty” taste of amino acids in chicken or beef
taste is influenced by
food texture, aroma, temperature, and appearance
Mouthfeel is detected by
branches of the lingual nerve in papillae
Facial Nerve function, covers
involved with taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve location
posterior 1/3 of tongue
Vagus Nerve covers
taste buds, pharynx, and epiglottis
Olfaction is the sense of
smell
Olfactory mucosa contains
10-20 million olfactory cells, which are neurons
Olfactory cells are shaped like
bowling pins-cilia extensions
olfactory cells are neurons, t/f
T
fascicles of olfactory cells are collectively regarded as cranial nerve
I
hearing is a response to
vibrating air molecules
equilibruim is related to
the sense of motion, body orientation, and balance
hearing and equilibrium reside in the
inner ear
ear has three sections…
outer, middle, inner
outer ear components
auricle
auditory canal
external acoustic meatus
know parts of ear
helix, triangular fossa, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, lobule, external acoustic meatus
middle ear components
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Auditory (eustachian) tube
Auditory ossicles
Auditory tube connects…
the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx
three components of the auditory ossicles
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
another name for a middle ear infection is
otitis media
Inner Ear components
- vestibule
- 3 semicircular ducts
- cochlea (organ of hearing)
Cochlea- scala media (cochlear duct)
- triangular middle chamber
- Separated from: scala vestibuli and scala tympani
- Contains spiral organ
Spiral Organ other name
Organ of Corti
Primary auditory cortex location
superior margin of the temporal lobe
Eyelid functions
- block foreign objects
- help with sleep
- blink to moisten
how many muscles attach to the exterior surface of the eyeball?
6
Which cranial nerves innervate the eye
III, IV, VI
Cataract is a clouding of
the lens
glaucoma is
elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of scleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor
fovea centralis are the center of the
Macula
the conjunctiva is a…
transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids
lacrimal punctum runs down the
side of the nose
how many layers form the eyeball
3
optical component of eyeball function
admits and focuses light
neural component of eyeball components
the retina and optic nerve
photopupillary reflex is
the pupillary constriction in response to light
Both pupils constrict even if
only one eye is illuminated
Near Response requires the eyes to …. and the lens to…..
converge, accommodate
Photoreceptor cells functions
absorb light and generate a chemical or electrical signal
what are rods, cones, and certain ganglion cells?
photoreceptors
Which photoreceptors produce visual images?
rods and cones
Rod cells functions
- night
- scotopic vision
- monochromatic vision
Cone cells function
- color
- photopic
- day vision
rods contain visual…
pigment
what is rhodopsin
it’s visual purple
stereoscopic vision is
depth perception
stereoscopic vision requires
two eyes with overlapping visual fields
the primary visual cortex relates to which lobe?
occipital lobes
Frontal sinuses location
Above Eyebrows
Maxillary Sinuses location
Large, behind cheeks
tinnitus is how common- what causes?
- affects 1 in 5
- injury/wax/otosclerosis/poor circulation
will most likely see people with infections in their
middle ear?
two types of deafness
- conductive deafness-blockage/sclerosis
- sensorineural deafness-death of hair cells
spiral organ is also called the
organ of corti
spiral organ has what types of cells
epithelium composed of hair cells on the basilar membrane
process of seeing
light passes through the cornea, lens, into the back of the eye, to the back of the eyeball
the retina is an outgrowth of the
diencephalon
attached to the eye at the
optic disc, nerve
examine the retina with an
opthalmoscope
fovea centralis is located at the
center of the macula
Finely detailed images received by the fovea centralis are due to
packed receptor cells
The optic nerve exits at the optic…
disc
iris diameter is controlled by
- pupillary constrictor
- pupillary dialator
Near Response required three processes…
- convergence of the eyes
- constriction of the pupil
- accommodation of the lens
photoreceptor cells function
absorb light and generate and chemical or electrical signal
photoreceptor cells consist of
rods, cones, and some ganglion cells
only rods and cones produce
visual images
rods cells function to
see at night, monochromatic vision
cone cells function to
day vision, color
rods contain visual…
pigment (visual purple)
two major parts of visual pigment are
- opsin-protein
- retinal-vitamin A derivative
rhodopsin breaks down through several enzymatic pathways and ultimately stimulates…
a threshold at the rod
Vitamin A is stored in the
pigmented layer of the retina
most common color-blindness is
red-green
stereoscopic vision is
depth perception
stereoscopic vision requires
two eyes with overlapping visual fields
primary visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobes
