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Western Medicine > Class 4: Sense Organs > Flashcards

Class 4: Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

4 Types of Information Receptors Transmit

A
  1. Modality
  2. Location
  3. Intensity
  4. Duration
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2
Q

Tonic Receptors Adapt…

A

slowly

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3
Q

proprioceptors detect…

A

body position and movement

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4
Q

free nerve endings detect

A
  • pain and temperature

- skin and mucous membrane

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5
Q

Tactile Discs are associated with…

A

Merkel Cells (acupuncture)

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6
Q

nociceptors detect

A

pain

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7
Q

two types of nociceptors

A
  • fast (myelinated) sharp, stabbing

- slow (unmyelinated) diffuse, dull

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8
Q

somatic pain

A

skin, muscles, joints

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9
Q

visceral pain

A

organs

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10
Q

bradykinins are

A

potent chemicals that stimulate pain fibers

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11
Q

CNS modulates pain by releasing…

A

endorphins

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12
Q

Spinal Gating function

A
  • stops pain signals at the posterior horn of the spinal cord.
  • blocks signals from traveling up the cord to the brain
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13
Q

spinal gating

A

-stimulation distracts the transmission of the signal

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14
Q

in order to have taste molecules must

A

dissolve in saliva and flood the taste pore

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15
Q

five primary sensations

A

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

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16
Q

Salty Taste produced by

A

metal ions

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17
Q

Sweet Taste associated with

A

carbohydrates and other foods of high caloric value

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18
Q

Sour Tastes are

A

acids, such as citrus fruits

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19
Q

Bitter Taste is Associated with

A

spoiled foods

alkaloids: nicotine, caffeine, quinine, morphine

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20
Q

Umami Taste associated with

A

“Meaty” taste of amino acids in chicken or beef

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21
Q

taste is influenced by

A

food texture, aroma, temperature, and appearance

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22
Q

Mouthfeel is detected by

A

branches of the lingual nerve in papillae

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23
Q

Facial Nerve function, covers

A

involved with taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue

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24
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve location

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

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25
Q

Vagus Nerve covers

A

taste buds, pharynx, and epiglottis

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26
Q

Olfaction is the sense of

A

smell

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27
Q

Olfactory mucosa contains

A

10-20 million olfactory cells, which are neurons

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28
Q

Olfactory cells are shaped like

A

bowling pins-cilia extensions

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29
Q

olfactory cells are neurons, t/f

A

T

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30
Q

fascicles of olfactory cells are collectively regarded as cranial nerve

A

I

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31
Q

hearing is a response to

A

vibrating air molecules

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32
Q

equilibruim is related to

A

the sense of motion, body orientation, and balance

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33
Q

hearing and equilibrium reside in the

A

inner ear

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34
Q

ear has three sections…

A

outer, middle, inner

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35
Q

outer ear components

A

auricle
auditory canal
external acoustic meatus

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36
Q

know parts of ear

A

helix, triangular fossa, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, lobule, external acoustic meatus

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37
Q

middle ear components

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Auditory (eustachian) tube
Auditory ossicles

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38
Q

Auditory tube connects…

A

the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

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39
Q

three components of the auditory ossicles

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
40
Q

another name for a middle ear infection is

A

otitis media

41
Q

Inner Ear components

A
  • vestibule
  • 3 semicircular ducts
  • cochlea (organ of hearing)
42
Q

Cochlea- scala media (cochlear duct)

A
  • triangular middle chamber
  • Separated from: scala vestibuli and scala tympani
  • Contains spiral organ
43
Q

Spiral Organ other name

A

Organ of Corti

44
Q

Primary auditory cortex location

A

superior margin of the temporal lobe

45
Q

Eyelid functions

A
  • block foreign objects
  • help with sleep
  • blink to moisten
46
Q

how many muscles attach to the exterior surface of the eyeball?

A

6

47
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the eye

A

III, IV, VI

48
Q

Cataract is a clouding of

A

the lens

49
Q

glaucoma is

A

elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of scleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor

50
Q

fovea centralis are the center of the

A

Macula

51
Q

the conjunctiva is a…

A

transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids

52
Q

lacrimal punctum runs down the

A

side of the nose

53
Q

how many layers form the eyeball

A

3

54
Q

optical component of eyeball function

A

admits and focuses light

55
Q

neural component of eyeball components

A

the retina and optic nerve

56
Q

photopupillary reflex is

A

the pupillary constriction in response to light

57
Q

Both pupils constrict even if

A

only one eye is illuminated

58
Q

Near Response requires the eyes to …. and the lens to…..

A

converge, accommodate

59
Q

Photoreceptor cells functions

A

absorb light and generate a chemical or electrical signal

60
Q

what are rods, cones, and certain ganglion cells?

A

photoreceptors

61
Q

Which photoreceptors produce visual images?

A

rods and cones

62
Q

Rod cells functions

A
  • night
  • scotopic vision
  • monochromatic vision
63
Q

Cone cells function

A
  • color
  • photopic
  • day vision
64
Q

rods contain visual…

A

pigment

65
Q

what is rhodopsin

A

it’s visual purple

66
Q

stereoscopic vision is

A

depth perception

67
Q

stereoscopic vision requires

A

two eyes with overlapping visual fields

68
Q

the primary visual cortex relates to which lobe?

A

occipital lobes

69
Q

Frontal sinuses location

A

Above Eyebrows

70
Q

Maxillary Sinuses location

A

Large, behind cheeks

71
Q

tinnitus is how common- what causes?

A
  • affects 1 in 5

- injury/wax/otosclerosis/poor circulation

72
Q

will most likely see people with infections in their

A

middle ear?

73
Q

two types of deafness

A
  • conductive deafness-blockage/sclerosis

- sensorineural deafness-death of hair cells

74
Q

spiral organ is also called the

A

organ of corti

75
Q

spiral organ has what types of cells

A

epithelium composed of hair cells on the basilar membrane

76
Q

process of seeing

A

light passes through the cornea, lens, into the back of the eye, to the back of the eyeball

77
Q

the retina is an outgrowth of the

A

diencephalon

78
Q

attached to the eye at the

A

optic disc, nerve

79
Q

examine the retina with an

A

opthalmoscope

80
Q

fovea centralis is located at the

A

center of the macula

81
Q

Finely detailed images received by the fovea centralis are due to

A

packed receptor cells

82
Q

The optic nerve exits at the optic…

A

disc

83
Q

iris diameter is controlled by

A
  • pupillary constrictor

- pupillary dialator

84
Q

Near Response required three processes…

A
  • convergence of the eyes
  • constriction of the pupil
  • accommodation of the lens
85
Q

photoreceptor cells function

A

absorb light and generate and chemical or electrical signal

86
Q

photoreceptor cells consist of

A

rods, cones, and some ganglion cells

87
Q

only rods and cones produce

A

visual images

88
Q

rods cells function to

A

see at night, monochromatic vision

89
Q

cone cells function to

A

day vision, color

90
Q

rods contain visual…

A

pigment (visual purple)

91
Q

two major parts of visual pigment are

A
  • opsin-protein

- retinal-vitamin A derivative

92
Q

rhodopsin breaks down through several enzymatic pathways and ultimately stimulates…

A

a threshold at the rod

93
Q

Vitamin A is stored in the

A

pigmented layer of the retina

94
Q

most common color-blindness is

A

red-green

95
Q

stereoscopic vision is

A

depth perception

96
Q

stereoscopic vision requires

A

two eyes with overlapping visual fields

97
Q

primary visual cortex is located in the

A

occipital lobes

Western Medicine (10 decks)

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