Class 12: Lymphatic System Flashcards
function of lymphatic and immune systems
- maintain fluid balance
- protect body from infection and disease
fluid recovery means
fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
lacteals are located
in the small intestine
lacteals absorb
dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries
lymph is similar to.. but has much less…
plasma, protein
what is drawn into the lymphatic capillaries?
extracellular fluid
lymphatic capillaries are….
sacs of thin endothelial cells
lymphatic capillaries are closed…
at one end
what opens the valve-like flaps in lymphatic capillaries?
interstitial fluid pressure
lymphatic vessels have an outer layer called
tunica externa
tunica media is
middle layer of lymphatic vessels
tunica interna is comprised of…
endothelium and valves
right lymphatic duct gets lymph from
right arm, right head and thorax
right lymphatic duct drains into
right subclavian vein
thoracic duct begins where… called what?
in abdomen, cisterna chyli
thoracic duct empties into…
left subclavian vein
lymph flows how compared to venous blood
lower pressure and slower speed
skeletal muscle pump aids flow of…
lymph
arterial pulsation is..
rhythmic squeezing of lymphatic vessels
thoracic pump aids flow from…
abdominal to thoracic cavity
types of lymphatic cells
- natural killer
- t lymphocytes
- b lymphocytes
natural killer cells are responsible for…
non-specific surveillance
b lymphocytes when activated cause…
proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies
all lyphocytes originate in the
red bone marrow
t-cell precursors travel to…
thymus to specialize into t-cells
b-cells originate in…
red bone marrow
b-cells migrate to the…
spleen and lymph nodes
primary lymphatic organs are…
red bone marrow and thymus
secondary lymphatic organs are
lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
thymus belongs to which systems?
endocrine, lymphatic, and immune
thymus houses…
developing t-lymphocytes
thymus secretes…
hormones
thymus degenerates with…
age
there are about… lymph nodes in a typical young adult
450
lymph nodes serve two functions…
1-cleanse the lymph
2-act as a site of t and b cell activation
major lymph node locations
cervical, axillary, thoracic
cervical lymph nodes take lymph from…
head and neck
axillary lymph nodes take lymph from…
upper limb and breast
thoracic lymph nodes take lymph from
mediastinum, lungs, and airway
lymphadenopathy is
a collective term for all lymph node diseases
cancer of lymph nodes also seems like
swollen, firm, and usually painless
metastasizing cancer cells can easily enter the…
lymphatic vessels
what is the body’s largest lymphatic organ?
spleen
red pulp contains…
sinuses are filled with erythrocytes
white pulp contains…
lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery
functions of spleen
- blood production in fetus
- blood reservoir
- RBC disposal
white pulp monitors the blood for…
foreign antigens
pathogens are…
environmental agents that are capable of producing disease
- infectious organisms
- toxic chemicals
- radiation
external barrier against pathogens is…
skin and mucous membranes
non specific defense mechanisms include
leukocytes and macrophages antimicrobial proteins immune surveillance inflammation fever
specific defense is…
immunity-defeats a pathogen and leaves the body a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future
defensins are…
peptides on the skin that are antimicrobial
acid mantle is..
a thin film of lactic acid from sweat which inhibits bacterial growth
mucous membranes protect by
physically trapping microbes
mucous membranes have …
lysozymes, which destroy bacterial cell walls
signs of inflammation
redness, pain, heat, swelling
antimicrobial proteins are known as…
interferons
interferon is secreted by..
cells infected by viruses
interferons function to…
protect neighboring cells
interferons activate…
natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages
interferons destroy…
the infected cell divide and the newly replicated virus spreads
compliment system is…
a cascade of enzymatic reactions that creates a Membrane attack complex
immune surveillance is…
when the nk cells continually patrol the body, on the lookout for pathogens and diseased host cells
two characteristics that distinguish immunity from nonspecific resistance
specificity and memory
specificity refers to…
immunity directed against a particular pathogen
memory refers to…
when someone is re-exposed to the same pathogen, the body response is faster- no noticable illness
lymphocytes attack…
foreign cells or diseased host cells directly
b cells attack…
the pathogen indirectly
t-cells are exposed to antigens…
after a macrophage destroys pathogen
once exposed to antigen debris, the…
t-cell divides and specializes
cytotoxic cells are…
killer t cells- carry out the attack on enemy cells
helper t cells function to…
help promote t cell and b cell action and non-specific resistance
regulatory t cells
inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other t cells, limit immune response
memory cells
descend from the cytotoxic t cells, responsible for memory in cellular immunity
b cells differentiate into…
plasma cells and memory cells
plasma cells produce…
antibodies that are specifically meant to destroy antigens
memory cells will …
“remember the specific antigen, on the next encounter will produce antibodies
what are the three stages of cellular and humoral immunity
- recognition
- attack
- memory
three r’s -recognize, react, remember
immunoglobulin abbreviation
Ig
an Ig is an…
antibody found in plasma, tissue fluids, etc
an Ig has what type of site?
antigen binding site
IgG is…
a monomer, constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies
how many genes are there in the human genome
35,000
the human immune system is capable of how many different antibodies?
1 trillion
somatic recombination is when
DNA segments are shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes
IgE stimulates…
release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy
somatic hypermutation is when
b cells in lymph nodules rapidly mutate creating new sequences
primary immune response is…
the first time the body has had an immune reaction
immune response may be
- too vigorous
- too weak
- misdirected against own body
how many autoimmune diseases are there?
at least one hundred
natural passive immunity is..
temporary immunity that results from antibodies produces by mother
artificial passive immunity is…
temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum from another person or animal
treatment for snakebite, botulism, rabies, etc. is what type of immunity?
artificial passive immunity
natural active immunity is…
production of ones own antibodies or t cells as a result of infection- get sick
artificial active immunity is…
production of antibodies from vaccination
vaccine consists of…
dead or weakened pathogens-stimulate immune response without causing disease
booster shots are…
periodic immunizations that stimulate immune memory to maintain a high level of protection
immunodeficiency disease caused by
immune system failing to react vigorously enough
SCID is..
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
