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Western Medicine > Class 8: Respiratatory System > Flashcards

Class 8: Respiratatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory tract consists of

A

nose through larynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract consists of

A

trachea through lungs

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3
Q

Three parts of the pharynx

A

naso, oro, laryngo

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4
Q

nasopharynx passes only…

A

air

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5
Q

oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass…

A

air, food, and drink

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6
Q

components of larynx (voice box)

A

epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

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7
Q

epiglottis function

A

flap of tissue that closes airway and directs food to the eophagus behind it

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8
Q

Thyroid cartilage defining features

A

largest, laryngeal prominence, shield shaped

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9
Q

cricoid cartilage function

A

connect larynx to trachea. it’s ringlike

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10
Q

Trachea dimensions

A

12 cm long, 2.5 cm diameter

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11
Q

trachea is supported by 16-20 rings of

A

hyaline cartilage, c-shaped

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12
Q

function of rings

A

reinforce trachea and keep it from collapsing

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13
Q

lungs have # of lobes on right/left?

A

3/2

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14
Q

the costal surface of the lungs press against the

A

ribcage

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15
Q

the mediastinal surface of the lungs face

A

medially toward the eart

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16
Q

the hilum is

A

a slit through which the lung receives main bronchus, bld vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

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17
Q

the root of the lung consists of

A

bronchus, bld vessels, lymphatics, nerves

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18
Q

right lung is shorter because

A

the liver rises high on the right side

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19
Q

the left lung is taller and narrower because of the

A

heart tilting towards the left

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20
Q

visceral pleura is a

A

serous membrane that covers the lungs

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21
Q

parietal pleura is located

A

on the inner surface of the rib cage and superior surface of the diaphragm

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22
Q

the parietal pleura adheres to the

A

mediastinum

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23
Q

the pleural cavity is the

A

potential space between the pleurae

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24
Q

the functions of the pleura (3)

A

reduce friction, create a pressure gradient, compartimentalization

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25
Q

compartmentalization means that

A

an infection won’t spread

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26
Q

bronchial tree parts (3)

A

main, lobar (secondary), segmental (tertiary)

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27
Q

main bronchi are supported by

A

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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28
Q

the lobar bronchi are supported by

A

smaller bits of cartilage

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29
Q

how many lobar brochi supply each side?

A

3 on right- superior, middle, inferior, 2 on left- superior and inferior

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30
Q

all bronchi are lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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31
Q

the terminal and respiratory bronchioles are the

A

final air passages which give rise to the alveoli

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32
Q

respiratory cycle is

A

one complete inspiration and expiration

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33
Q

the flow of air in and out of the lung depends on a pressure…

A

difference between outside and inside of lungs

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34
Q

the internal and external intercostal muscles are synergists to the

A

diaphragm

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35
Q

scalenes are synergists to the

A

diaphragm

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36
Q

forced inspiration increases

A

thoracic volume

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37
Q

normal quiet expiration is

A

passive

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38
Q

forced expiration increases abdominal…pushes….

A

pressure, viscera up against diaphragm. forces air out

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39
Q

valsalva maneuver

A

palpitation move dr taught me in college

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40
Q

what part of the brain controls unconscious breathing?

A

medulla oblongata

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41
Q

what part of the brain controls voluntary breathing?

A

motor cortex

42
Q

c3, 4, 5 keep the …

A

diaphragm alive

43
Q

hyperventilation happens when

A

co2 is blown off by the body faster than it is produced, causes pH to rise

44
Q

central chemoreceptors are…

A

brainstem neurons that respond to changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

45
Q

the pH of cerebrospinal fluid reflects the level of

A

CO2 in the blood

46
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are located on the

A

carotid and aortic bodies of the large arteries above the heart

47
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors respond to the

A

O2, CO2, and pH of the blood

48
Q

stretch receptors are found…

A

in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles, and in the visceral pleura

49
Q

hering-breuer reflex is the

A

inflation reflex. inhibits excessive inspiration

50
Q

irritant receptors are

A

nerve endings in the epithelial cells of the airway that respond to irritants and trigger protective reflexes

51
Q

surfactant is important because

A

the alveoli need it to open up and expand

52
Q

spirometer measures

A

breath rate, depth, etc

53
Q

tidal respiratory volume is the

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing

54
Q

inspiratory reserve volume is the

A

excess inhaled air

55
Q

expiratory reserve volume is the

A

excess exhaled air

56
Q

residual volume is the…

A

air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

57
Q

the vital capacity is the…

A

total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort

58
Q

vital capacity is an important measurement of

A

pulmonary health

59
Q

inspiratory capacity is the

A

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

60
Q

functional residual capacity is the

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration

61
Q

the total lung capacity is the

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

62
Q

restrictive disorders limit…, examples

A

amount the lungs can be inflated, black-lung, tuberculosis

63
Q

obstructive disorders interfere with…, examples

A

airflow by narrowing or blocking the airway… asthma, chronic bronchitis

64
Q

emphysema is a combination of

A

a restrictive disorder and obstructive disorder

65
Q

eupnea definition

A

relaxed quiet breathing

66
Q

apnea definition

A

temporary cessation of breathing

67
Q

dyspnea definition

A

labored breathing

68
Q

hyperpnea definition

A

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, etc

69
Q

hyperventilation definition

A

increased breathing

70
Q

hypoventilation definition

A

reduced breathing

71
Q

Kussmaul respiration definition

A

deep, rapid breathing induced by acidosis

72
Q

orthopnea definition

A

dyspnea that occurs when lying down

73
Q

respiratory arrest definition

A

permanent cessation of breathing

74
Q

tachypnea definition

A

accelerated respiration

75
Q

Dalton’s law

A

the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gasses

76
Q

alveolar gas exchange is the

A

back and forth traffic of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane

77
Q

CO2 travels in the blood as

A

carbonic acid

78
Q

the main carbamino compound is

A

carbaminohemoglobin

79
Q

hemoglobin is the specialized…

A

molecule that carries oxygen

80
Q

carbonmonoxide ties up

A

hemoglobin for a long time

81
Q

brainstem respiratory centers receive input from… monitor…

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors that monitor the composition of blood and CF

82
Q

acidosis is

A

blood pH lower than 7.35

83
Q

alkalosis is

A

blood pH higher than 7.45

84
Q

when someone is acidodic, they will… to create homeostasis

A

hyperventilate (blow off CO2)

85
Q

hypoventilation is a corrective response to…

A

alkalosis

86
Q

ketoacidosis definition

A

acidosis brought about by rapid fat oxidation releasing acidic ketone bodies (diabetes)

87
Q

pimpin

A

ain’t easy

88
Q

chronic hypoxemia is seen in what conditions?

A

emphysemia, pneumonia

89
Q

hypoxia definition

A

deficiency of oxyten

90
Q

ischemic hypoxia definition

A

inadequate circulation of blood (congestive heart failure)

91
Q

pneumothorax is the…

A

presence of air in the pleural cavity

92
Q

atelectasis is the…

A

collapse of part or all of a lung

93
Q

pneumothorax causes an…

A

atelectasis

94
Q

COPD is…

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

95
Q

COPD caused by

A

chronic bronchitis, emphysema

96
Q

In emphysemia the alveolar walls…

A

break down

97
Q

in emphysemia, the lungs become…

A

fibrotic and less elastic

98
Q

effects of COPD

A

reduce pulmonary compliace, cor pulmonale

99
Q

cor pulmonale causes the…

A

right side of the heart to work harder because the pulmonary circulation is obstructed

100
Q

lung cancer accounts for more deaths than any other form of…

A

cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma)

Western Medicine (10 decks)

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