Class 8: Respiratatory System Flashcards
Upper respiratory tract consists of
nose through larynx
lower respiratory tract consists of
trachea through lungs
Three parts of the pharynx
naso, oro, laryngo
nasopharynx passes only…
air
oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass…
air, food, and drink
components of larynx (voice box)
epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
epiglottis function
flap of tissue that closes airway and directs food to the eophagus behind it
Thyroid cartilage defining features
largest, laryngeal prominence, shield shaped
cricoid cartilage function
connect larynx to trachea. it’s ringlike
Trachea dimensions
12 cm long, 2.5 cm diameter
trachea is supported by 16-20 rings of
hyaline cartilage, c-shaped
function of rings
reinforce trachea and keep it from collapsing
lungs have # of lobes on right/left?
3/2
the costal surface of the lungs press against the
ribcage
the mediastinal surface of the lungs face
medially toward the eart
the hilum is
a slit through which the lung receives main bronchus, bld vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
the root of the lung consists of
bronchus, bld vessels, lymphatics, nerves
right lung is shorter because
the liver rises high on the right side
the left lung is taller and narrower because of the
heart tilting towards the left
visceral pleura is a
serous membrane that covers the lungs
parietal pleura is located
on the inner surface of the rib cage and superior surface of the diaphragm
the parietal pleura adheres to the
mediastinum
the pleural cavity is the
potential space between the pleurae
the functions of the pleura (3)
reduce friction, create a pressure gradient, compartimentalization
compartmentalization means that
an infection won’t spread
bronchial tree parts (3)
main, lobar (secondary), segmental (tertiary)
main bronchi are supported by
c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
the lobar bronchi are supported by
smaller bits of cartilage
how many lobar brochi supply each side?
3 on right- superior, middle, inferior, 2 on left- superior and inferior
all bronchi are lined with
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
the terminal and respiratory bronchioles are the
final air passages which give rise to the alveoli
respiratory cycle is
one complete inspiration and expiration
the flow of air in and out of the lung depends on a pressure…
difference between outside and inside of lungs
the internal and external intercostal muscles are synergists to the
diaphragm
scalenes are synergists to the
diaphragm
forced inspiration increases
thoracic volume
normal quiet expiration is
passive
forced expiration increases abdominal…pushes….
pressure, viscera up against diaphragm. forces air out
valsalva maneuver
palpitation move dr taught me in college
what part of the brain controls unconscious breathing?
medulla oblongata
what part of the brain controls voluntary breathing?
motor cortex
c3, 4, 5 keep the …
diaphragm alive
hyperventilation happens when
co2 is blown off by the body faster than it is produced, causes pH to rise
central chemoreceptors are…
brainstem neurons that respond to changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid
the pH of cerebrospinal fluid reflects the level of
CO2 in the blood
peripheral chemoreceptors are located on the
carotid and aortic bodies of the large arteries above the heart
peripheral chemoreceptors respond to the
O2, CO2, and pH of the blood
stretch receptors are found…
in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles, and in the visceral pleura
hering-breuer reflex is the
inflation reflex. inhibits excessive inspiration
irritant receptors are
nerve endings in the epithelial cells of the airway that respond to irritants and trigger protective reflexes
surfactant is important because
the alveoli need it to open up and expand
spirometer measures
breath rate, depth, etc
tidal respiratory volume is the
volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
inspiratory reserve volume is the
excess inhaled air
expiratory reserve volume is the
excess exhaled air
residual volume is the…
air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
the vital capacity is the…
total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort
vital capacity is an important measurement of
pulmonary health
inspiratory capacity is the
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
functional residual capacity is the
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
the total lung capacity is the
maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
restrictive disorders limit…, examples
amount the lungs can be inflated, black-lung, tuberculosis
obstructive disorders interfere with…, examples
airflow by narrowing or blocking the airway… asthma, chronic bronchitis
emphysema is a combination of
a restrictive disorder and obstructive disorder
eupnea definition
relaxed quiet breathing
apnea definition
temporary cessation of breathing
dyspnea definition
labored breathing
hyperpnea definition
increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, etc
hyperventilation definition
increased breathing
hypoventilation definition
reduced breathing
Kussmaul respiration definition
deep, rapid breathing induced by acidosis
orthopnea definition
dyspnea that occurs when lying down
respiratory arrest definition
permanent cessation of breathing
tachypnea definition
accelerated respiration
Dalton’s law
the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gasses
alveolar gas exchange is the
back and forth traffic of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane
CO2 travels in the blood as
carbonic acid
the main carbamino compound is
carbaminohemoglobin
hemoglobin is the specialized…
molecule that carries oxygen
carbonmonoxide ties up
hemoglobin for a long time
brainstem respiratory centers receive input from… monitor…
central and peripheral chemoreceptors that monitor the composition of blood and CF
acidosis is
blood pH lower than 7.35
alkalosis is
blood pH higher than 7.45
when someone is acidodic, they will… to create homeostasis
hyperventilate (blow off CO2)
hypoventilation is a corrective response to…
alkalosis
ketoacidosis definition
acidosis brought about by rapid fat oxidation releasing acidic ketone bodies (diabetes)
pimpin
ain’t easy
chronic hypoxemia is seen in what conditions?
emphysemia, pneumonia
hypoxia definition
deficiency of oxyten
ischemic hypoxia definition
inadequate circulation of blood (congestive heart failure)
pneumothorax is the…
presence of air in the pleural cavity
atelectasis is the…
collapse of part or all of a lung
pneumothorax causes an…
atelectasis
COPD is…
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD caused by
chronic bronchitis, emphysema
In emphysemia the alveolar walls…
break down
in emphysemia, the lungs become…
fibrotic and less elastic
effects of COPD
reduce pulmonary compliace, cor pulmonale
cor pulmonale causes the…
right side of the heart to work harder because the pulmonary circulation is obstructed
lung cancer accounts for more deaths than any other form of…
cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma)
