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Western Medicine > Class 6: Blood and Heart > Flashcards

Class 6: Blood and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system refers only to the

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A

transport, protect, regulate

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3
Q

adults have…. of blood

A

4-6 L

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4
Q

blood is a liquid…

A

connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

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5
Q

erthrocytes are

A

red blood cells

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6
Q

platelets are located…

A

in bone marrow

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7
Q

leukocytes are

A

white blood cells

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8
Q

two types of leukocytes

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes

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9
Q

what machine separates the components of blood?

A

hematocrit

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10
Q

plasma is the …. portion of blood

A

liquid

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11
Q

serum is identical to…. except for the absence of …

A

plasma, fibrinogen

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12
Q

3 major categories of plasma proteins are

A

albumins, globulins, and fibinogen

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13
Q

plasma proteins are formed by the

A

liver

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14
Q

viscosity refers to the

A

resistance of a fluid to flow

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15
Q

osmolarity of blood refers to

A

the total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

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16
Q

Hemopoietic tissues produce

A

blood cells

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17
Q

what tissue produces all seven formed elements?

A

red bone marrow

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18
Q

Red blood cells are shaped

A

like a disc with a thick rim

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19
Q

RBCs major function is

A

gas transport

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20
Q

33% of cytoplasm is…

A

hemoglobin

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21
Q

Hemoglobin binds…. to …. at it’s center

A

O2 to ferrous ion (FE2+)

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22
Q

RBC count and Hemoglobin concentration indicate…

A

the amount of O2 that blood can carry

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23
Q

erythropoiesis (RBC production) needs which nutrients?

A

Iron, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C and Copper

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24
Q

kidney produces…., which stimulates….

A

erythropoletin, bone marrow

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25
Q

stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis include

A

low levels of O2, high altitude, increase in exercise, loss of lung tissue in emphysema

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26
Q

spleen is where red blood cells go to…

A

die

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27
Q

macrophages are specialized to

A

digest membrane bits and eat them up

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28
Q

liver removes the…. and secretes it into…

A

billirubin, bile

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29
Q

polycythemia is an…

A

excess of RBCs

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30
Q

Dangers of polycythemia are:

A

increased blood volume, pressure, and viscosity

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31
Q

Anemia is caused by

A
  • inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
  • hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding
  • hemolytic anemia from RBC desctruction
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32
Q

Inadequate B12 can cause

A

pernicious anemia

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33
Q

3 potential consequences of anemia

A
  • tissue hypoxia and necrosis
  • blood osmolarity causing edema
  • low blood viscosity
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34
Q

ABO Blood type is determined by the…

A

presence or absence of antigens

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35
Q

Blood type O has which antigens?

A

Neither A or B

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36
Q

Antigens are…

A

-complex molecules on the surface of a cell membrane that is unique to the
individual
-Determine the blood type

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37
Q

Antibodies are…

A

proteins secreted by plasma cells (gamma globulins)

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38
Q

Agglutination causes

A

clumping of RBCs. Happens when wrong types of blood mix.

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39
Q

Universal Donor

A

O-negative. Missing antigens

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40
Q

Universal Recipient

A

type AB- rarest

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41
Q

Antibodies for type A

A

Anti-B, same for other blood types

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42
Q

Leukocytes are

A

White Blood Cells

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43
Q

WBCs are split into two groups

A
  • granulocytes

- agranulocytes

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44
Q

Granules have

A

lysosomes

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45
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophiles
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46
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

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47
Q

Neutrophils fight off

A

bacteria. phagocotize bacteria.

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48
Q

Eosinophils are increased in

A

parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, and diseases of the spleen and CNS

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49
Q

Basophils increase in numbers in

A

chicken pox, sinusitis,

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50
Q

Agranulocytes are involved in

A

immunity, have an anti cancer job

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51
Q

Lymphocytes secrete

A

antibodies and provide immunity

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52
Q

Monocytes leave the…. and transform into…

A

bloodstream, macrophages

53
Q

leukopenia is

A

a low WBC count

54
Q

Leukocytosis is a

A

high WBC count

55
Q

Leukemia is…

A

cancer of hemopoietic tissue (marrow)

56
Q

hemostasis is the…

A

cessation of bleeding

57
Q

in blood clotting, the ….. form together to make a ….

A

platelets, plug

58
Q

platelets secrete…, which promotes…

A

procoagulants, clotting

59
Q

hemophilia is a

A

clotting disorder

60
Q

Thrombis is a…

A

blood clot

61
Q

an embolus

A

a thrombis that has dislodged and is traveling through the blood

62
Q

The pulmonary circuit is

A

on the right side of the heart

63
Q

the systemic circuit is on the

A

left side of the hears

64
Q

Cardiocytes are…

A

striated, shor, thick cells.

65
Q

Intercalated discs join…

A

cardiocytes end to end

66
Q

Repair of damage of cardiac muscle is almost entirely by

A

fibrosis (scarring)

67
Q

Cardiac muscle uses aerobic or anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic

68
Q

cardiac muscle has huge…

A

mitochondria

69
Q

cardiac muscle is vulnerable to

A

oxygen deficiency

70
Q

cardiac muscle is fatigue…

A

resistant

71
Q

pericardium is a…

A

double-layered sac with fluid

72
Q

outer wall of pericardium is called

A

the parietal pericardium

73
Q

the inner wall of the pericardium is called

A

the visceral pericardium

74
Q

Heart wall consists of

A

epicardium
endocardium
myocardium

75
Q

The endocardium consists of the

A

smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels

76
Q

the myocardium is the… it’s proportional to…

A

muscle of the heart, work load

77
Q

left and right atria are on the top/bottom

A

top

78
Q

superior and inferior vena cava recieve…. go to

A

deoxygenated blood, right atrium

79
Q

goes through the right bicuspid valve into the

A

right ventricle

80
Q

left pulmonary artery carries blood…

A

away from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

81
Q

arteries carry blood… the heart

A

away from

82
Q

veins carry blood… the heart

A

toward

83
Q

Right AV valve has

A

3 cusps (trucuspid)

84
Q

Left AV valve has

A

2 cusps (mitral or bicuspid)

85
Q

Semilunar Valves control

A

flow into the great arteries-open and close because of blood flow and pressure

86
Q

systole is the

A

contraction of the heart chamber

87
Q

diastole is the

A

relaxation of the chamber so it fills with blood

88
Q

the left pulmonary vein is carrying

A

oxygenated blood-because it’s coming from the lung

89
Q

Know the movement of blood in the heart

A

…

90
Q

Angina Pectoris is…

A

chest pain from partial obstruction of blood flow

91
Q

myocardial infarction is…

A

sudden death of a patch of myocardium (ht muscle). Heart attack

92
Q

Cardiac Conduction System functions to

A

coordinate the heartbeat

93
Q

Sinoatrial Node is the

A

pacemaker of the heart

94
Q

Cardiac Conduction cycle

A
  • sa node fires
  • excitation spreads through the atrial myocardium
  • the AV node fires
  • excitation spreads down AV bundle
  • Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through the ventricular myocardium
95
Q

a ventricular fibrillation is a serious

A

arrhythmia. will kill quickly

96
Q

valvular stenosis causes

A

cusps to stiffen and the valves will not close all the way

97
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

where mitral valve cusps will bulge into the atria during ventricular contraction

98
Q

P wave means the atria…

A

contract

99
Q

T wave means the atria…

A

are repolarizing

100
Q

Cardiac cycle is…

A

one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

101
Q

sounds of the heart are made by the valives…

A

closing

102
Q

the lubb-louder and longer

A

is the AV valives closing

103
Q

the dupp- softer and sharper

A

is the semilunar valves closing

104
Q

Cardiac Output is…

A

-the amount of blood ejected by ventricles in one minute

105
Q

increasing either the ht rate or the stroke volume increases the…

A

cardiac output

106
Q

3 variables govern stroke volume

A

preload
contractility
afterload

107
Q

increased preload causes…

A

increased force of contraction

108
Q

starling principle means

A

ventricles eject as much blood as they receive

109
Q

afterload is the

A

blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk immediately distal to the semilunar valves

110
Q

Heart Rate Averages

A

Males: 64-72 bpm
Females: 72-80 bpm
Infants: 120 bpm

111
Q

Tachycardia definition

A

Resting Heart Rate Above 100 bpm

112
Q

Bradycardia definition

A

Resting Heart Rate Less than 60 bpm

113
Q

cardiac center is located in which part of the brain?

A

medulla

114
Q

proprioceptors are located in the

A

muscles and joints

115
Q

baroreceptors signal the

A

cardiac center

116
Q

baroreceptors sense…. in the ….. and…. arteries

A

pressure, aorta, internal carotid

117
Q

chemoreceptors are sensitive to

A

blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels

118
Q

Hypercapnia and acidosis stimulate the cardiac center to…..

A

increase the heart rate

119
Q

chronotropic chemicals will affect the

A

heart rate and neurotransmitters from cardiac nerves

120
Q

(3) drugs that stimulate the heart:

A

1) nicotine
2) thyroid hormone
3) caffeine

121
Q

K+ has a great chronotropic effect

A

slows heart rate down

122
Q

hypercalcemia is an… causes…

A

excess of Ca, decrease in heart rate and contraction strength

123
Q

hypocalcemia is an…. causes…

A

deficiency of Ca, increases heart rate and contraction strength

124
Q

Coronary Artery Disease is a ….

A

constriction of the coronary arteries

125
Q

Myocardial Infarction is death of…. due to….

A

myocardium, lack of oxygenated blood

126
Q

CHF stands for

A

congestive heart failure- ventricles are not ejecting the blood effectively

127
Q

left ventricular failure causes the blood to back up into the

A

lungs causing pulmonary edema

128
Q

right ventricular failure causes blood to back up into

A

the vena cava, causing systemic edema

Western Medicine (10 decks)

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