Class 6: Blood and Heart Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Cardiovascular system refers only to the
A
heart and blood vessels
2
Q
Functions of the circulatory system
A
transport, protect, regulate
3
Q
adults have…. of blood
A
4-6 L
4
Q
blood is a liquid…
A
connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix
5
Q
erthrocytes are
A
red blood cells
6
Q
platelets are located…
A
in bone marrow
7
Q
leukocytes are
A
white blood cells
8
Q
two types of leukocytes
A
granulocytes, agranulocytes
9
Q
what machine separates the components of blood?
A
hematocrit
10
Q
plasma is the …. portion of blood
A
liquid
11
Q
serum is identical to…. except for the absence of …
A
plasma, fibrinogen
12
Q
3 major categories of plasma proteins are
A
albumins, globulins, and fibinogen
13
Q
plasma proteins are formed by the
A
liver
14
Q
viscosity refers to the
A
resistance of a fluid to flow
15
Q
osmolarity of blood refers to
A
the total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall
16
Q
Hemopoietic tissues produce
A
blood cells
17
Q
what tissue produces all seven formed elements?
A
red bone marrow
18
Q
Red blood cells are shaped
A
like a disc with a thick rim
19
Q
RBCs major function is
A
gas transport
20
Q
33% of cytoplasm is…
A
hemoglobin
21
Q
Hemoglobin binds…. to …. at it’s center
A
O2 to ferrous ion (FE2+)
22
Q
RBC count and Hemoglobin concentration indicate…
A
the amount of O2 that blood can carry
23
Q
erythropoiesis (RBC production) needs which nutrients?
A
Iron, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C and Copper
24
Q
kidney produces…., which stimulates….
A
erythropoletin, bone marrow
25
stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis include
low levels of O2, high altitude, increase in exercise, loss of lung tissue in emphysema
26
spleen is where red blood cells go to...
die
27
macrophages are specialized to
digest membrane bits and eat them up
28
liver removes the.... and secretes it into...
billirubin, bile
29
polycythemia is an...
excess of RBCs
30
Dangers of polycythemia are:
increased blood volume, pressure, and viscosity
31
Anemia is caused by
- inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
- hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding
- hemolytic anemia from RBC desctruction
32
Inadequate B12 can cause
pernicious anemia
33
3 potential consequences of anemia
- tissue hypoxia and necrosis
- blood osmolarity causing edema
- low blood viscosity
34
ABO Blood type is determined by the...
presence or absence of antigens
35
Blood type O has which antigens?
Neither A or B
36
Antigens are...
-complex molecules on the surface of a cell membrane that is unique to the
individual
-Determine the blood type
37
Antibodies are...
proteins secreted by plasma cells (gamma globulins)
38
Agglutination causes
clumping of RBCs. Happens when wrong types of blood mix.
39
Universal Donor
O-negative. Missing antigens
40
Universal Recipient
type AB- rarest
41
Antibodies for type A
Anti-B, same for other blood types
42
Leukocytes are
White Blood Cells
43
WBCs are split into two groups
- granulocytes
| - agranulocytes
44
Granules have
lysosomes
45
Types of Granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophiles
46
Types of Agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
| - monocytes
47
Neutrophils fight off
bacteria. phagocotize bacteria.
48
Eosinophils are increased in
parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, and diseases of the spleen and CNS
49
Basophils increase in numbers in
chicken pox, sinusitis,
50
Agranulocytes are involved in
immunity, have an anti cancer job
51
Lymphocytes secrete
antibodies and provide immunity
52
Monocytes leave the.... and transform into...
bloodstream, macrophages
53
leukopenia is
a low WBC count
54
Leukocytosis is a
high WBC count
55
Leukemia is...
cancer of hemopoietic tissue (marrow)
56
hemostasis is the...
cessation of bleeding
57
in blood clotting, the ..... form together to make a ....
platelets, plug
58
platelets secrete..., which promotes...
procoagulants, clotting
59
hemophilia is a
clotting disorder
60
Thrombis is a...
blood clot
61
an embolus
a thrombis that has dislodged and is traveling through the blood
62
The pulmonary circuit is
on the right side of the heart
63
the systemic circuit is on the
left side of the hears
64
Cardiocytes are...
striated, shor, thick cells.
65
Intercalated discs join...
cardiocytes end to end
66
Repair of damage of cardiac muscle is almost entirely by
fibrosis (scarring)
67
Cardiac muscle uses aerobic or anaerobic respiration
aerobic
68
cardiac muscle has huge...
mitochondria
69
cardiac muscle is vulnerable to
oxygen deficiency
70
cardiac muscle is fatigue...
resistant
71
pericardium is a...
double-layered sac with fluid
72
outer wall of pericardium is called
the parietal pericardium
73
the inner wall of the pericardium is called
the visceral pericardium
74
Heart wall consists of
epicardium
endocardium
myocardium
75
The endocardium consists of the
smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels
76
the myocardium is the... it's proportional to...
muscle of the heart, work load
77
left and right atria are on the top/bottom
top
78
superior and inferior vena cava recieve.... go to
deoxygenated blood, right atrium
79
goes through the right bicuspid valve into the
right ventricle
80
left pulmonary artery carries blood...
away from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated
81
arteries carry blood... the heart
away from
82
veins carry blood... the heart
toward
83
Right AV valve has
3 cusps (trucuspid)
84
Left AV valve has
2 cusps (mitral or bicuspid)
85
Semilunar Valves control
flow into the great arteries-open and close because of blood flow and pressure
86
systole is the
contraction of the heart chamber
87
diastole is the
relaxation of the chamber so it fills with blood
88
the left pulmonary vein is carrying
oxygenated blood-because it's coming from the lung
89
Know the movement of blood in the heart
...
90
Angina Pectoris is...
chest pain from partial obstruction of blood flow
91
myocardial infarction is...
sudden death of a patch of myocardium (ht muscle). Heart attack
92
Cardiac Conduction System functions to
coordinate the heartbeat
93
Sinoatrial Node is the
pacemaker of the heart
94
Cardiac Conduction cycle
- sa node fires
- excitation spreads through the atrial myocardium
- the AV node fires
- excitation spreads down AV bundle
- Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through the ventricular myocardium
95
a ventricular fibrillation is a serious
arrhythmia. will kill quickly
96
valvular stenosis causes
cusps to stiffen and the valves will not close all the way
97
mitral valve prolapse
where mitral valve cusps will bulge into the atria during ventricular contraction
98
P wave means the atria...
contract
99
T wave means the atria...
are repolarizing
100
Cardiac cycle is...
one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart
101
sounds of the heart are made by the valives...
closing
102
the lubb-louder and longer
is the AV valives closing
103
the dupp- softer and sharper
is the semilunar valves closing
104
Cardiac Output is...
-the amount of blood ejected by ventricles in one minute
105
increasing either the ht rate or the stroke volume increases the...
cardiac output
106
3 variables govern stroke volume
preload
contractility
afterload
107
increased preload causes...
increased force of contraction
108
starling principle means
ventricles eject as much blood as they receive
109
afterload is the
blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk immediately distal to the semilunar valves
110
Heart Rate Averages
Males: 64-72 bpm
Females: 72-80 bpm
Infants: 120 bpm
111
Tachycardia definition
Resting Heart Rate Above 100 bpm
112
Bradycardia definition
Resting Heart Rate Less than 60 bpm
113
cardiac center is located in which part of the brain?
medulla
114
proprioceptors are located in the
muscles and joints
115
baroreceptors signal the
cardiac center
116
baroreceptors sense.... in the ..... and.... arteries
pressure, aorta, internal carotid
117
chemoreceptors are sensitive to
blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels
118
Hypercapnia and acidosis stimulate the cardiac center to.....
increase the heart rate
119
chronotropic chemicals will affect the
heart rate and neurotransmitters from cardiac nerves
120
(3) drugs that stimulate the heart:
1) nicotine
2) thyroid hormone
3) caffeine
121
K+ has a great chronotropic effect
slows heart rate down
122
hypercalcemia is an... causes...
excess of Ca, decrease in heart rate and contraction strength
123
hypocalcemia is an.... causes...
deficiency of Ca, increases heart rate and contraction strength
124
Coronary Artery Disease is a ....
constriction of the coronary arteries
125
Myocardial Infarction is death of.... due to....
myocardium, lack of oxygenated blood
126
CHF stands for
congestive heart failure- ventricles are not ejecting the blood effectively
127
left ventricular failure causes the blood to back up into the
lungs causing pulmonary edema
128
right ventricular failure causes blood to back up into
the vena cava, causing systemic edema
