Class 11: Reproductive Systems Flashcards
primary sex organ of women
ovaries
secondary sex organ of women
other internal and external genitalia
ovaries produce…
egg cells and sex hormones
the outer cortex of the ovaries are where what develops?
germ cells
ovulation refers to the…
bursting of the follicle and releasing the egg
the ovarian ligaments attach to…
the uterus and pelvic wall
uterine tube is also known as…
oviduct or fallopian tube
major parts of the uterine tubes
infundibulum and fimbriae
infundibulum is the…
flared, trumpet shaped distal end of the uterine tubes
the fimbriae is the…
feathery projections on the infundibulum in the uterin tubes
uterus definition
a thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina
uterus is located…
over the urinary bladder
components of the uterus
fundus, body, cervix
cervical canal connects…
lumen to vagina
internal os is the…
superior opening of the canal into the body of the uterus
the external os is the…
inferior opening of the canal into the vagina
the cervical glands secrete…
mucus that prevents the spread of microorganisms from the vagina to the uterus
inner part of the uterus is the
endometrium
outer part of the uterus is the…
myometrium
what sloughs off for menstruation?
endometrium
most common STD is..
human papilloma virus
detect human papilloma virus through…
PAP smears
human papilloma causes…
cervical cancer
perimetrium is the…
external serosa layer of the uterine wall
the myometrium is the…
middle muscle layer of the uterine wall
the myometrium is composed of what kind of muscle?
smooth muscle
endometrium components…
stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
the stratum functionalis is which part of the uterine wall?
superficial half, sheds for menstruation
the stratum basalis is what part of the uterine wall
the deep layer which regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each cycle
where does the embryo attach?
to the endometrium. forms the maternal part of the placenta
most of the time breasts contain very little…
mammary gland
what are the two principle regions of the breast?
body, axillary tail
most breast cancer is hereditary or non-hereditary?
non-hereditary
oogenesis is defined as…
egg production
oogenesis produces… by means of…
haploid gametes, meiosis
by puberty, women have…
400,000 oocytes
egg development resumes in…
adolescence
FSH stimulates…
ovaries to complete the first phase of meiosis
secondary oocyte proceeds as far as…
metaphase II
secondary oocyte stops after…
ovulation
if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized it…
dies and never finishes meiosis
if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it…
competes meiosis II and casts off a second polar body
puberty begins at age
8-10 for most girls in the US
puberty is triggered by rising levels of
gonadotropic releasing hormone
FSH comes from which part of the brain?
pituitary
FSH stimulates… and they begin to secrete…
developing ovarian follicles, estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, etc.
estrogens are…
feminizing hormones
which estrogen is the most common…
estradiol
1st menstrual is called…
menarche
what are the hormones of puberty?
estradiol and progesterone
estradiol does what?
stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs, growth hormone secretion
estradiol is responsible for what?
feminine physique
progesterone primarily acts on the … preparing it for…
uterus, pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle
estrogen and progesterone suppress FSH and LH secretion through…
negative feedback
climacteric is a …
midlife change in hormone secretion-menopause
what hormone regulates the ovaries?
pituitary
what is the hierarchy of hormonal control?
hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus
ovaries exert feedback control over the…
hypthalamus and pituitary
first part of the menstrual cycle is the… phase
follicular
after ovulation, the remainder of the follicle becomes…
corpus luteum
the next two weeks of the menstrual cycle is the…
luteal phase
three phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
which part of the cycle is most variable?
the follicular phase
during ovulation, what happens
the mature follicles rupture and release the egg and attendant cells
estradiol stimulates a surge of… by the …
LH, FSH by anterior pituitary
average menstrual cycle is how many days?
5
proliferative phase is when..
the layer of endometrial tissue that was lost in the last menstruation is rebuilt
hormones associated with pregnancy
estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin
corpus luteum is important…
to feed for the first several weeks. removal causes abortion
Meiosis is..
two cell divisions following one replication of DNA
Meiosis only occurs in…
gametes
process of cell division of somatic cells involves how many phases?
one division phase
one parent cell divides into…
two daughter cells
when somatic cells divide, what happens to the chromosome number?
stays the same
Somatic cells are involved in
mitosis
Mitosis creates what type of organisms from what?
multicellular organisms from a zygote
mitosis is the basis of…
all tissue growth and repair
meiosis produces what types of cells
sex cells
meiosis affects the chomosome number how?
cuts in in half
meiosis creates what?
genetic variability
gametes are …
sex cells produces by each parent
zygote is a…
fertilized egg
zygote has a combination of what?
both parent’s genes
reproductive system consists of what categories of organs?
primary and secondary
primary sex organs are called
gonads
gonads produce
gametes
sex organ of men
testes
sex organ of women
ovaries
secondary sex organs are…
organs other than the gonads that are necessary for reproduction
The Y chromosome in males does what?
stimulates the production of testosterone and male primary and secondary characteristics
X chromosome in females does what?
Contributes to all female hormones and female primary and secondary characteristics
prostate and seminal vessel create…
seminal fluid for semen to be transported in
Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulates what in men?
spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormone is sometimes called
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
lutenizing hormone stimulates…
interstitial cells to produce testosterone
the sex hormones are stimulated by what part of the brain
anterior pituitary cells
male infertility causes
- anatomical
- sperm dysfunction
- infected semen
- elevated temperature of scrotum
erectile dysfunction occurs how often
20% of men in 60s, 50% in 80s
spermatogenesis is the process of…
sperm production in seminiferous tubules
spermatogenesis first event
remodeling of a large germ cell into small, mobile sperm cells with flagella
spermatogenesis second event
reduction of chromosome number by 1/2 via meiosis
spermatogenesis third event
shuffle genes so new combinations exist in the sperm that are different from the parents
spermiogenesis is a process in which what transform to what?
spermatids to spermatozoa
spermatozoon has how many parts, what are the?
2, head and tail
head of spermatozoon nucleus contains a…
haploid set of chromosomes
acrosome of the spermatozoon is the…
enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg
basal body of the spermatozoon is the…
indentation in the basal end of the nucleus where the flagellum attaches
the tail of the spermatozoon contains… produces…
mitochondria around the axoneme of the flagella and produces ATP for flagellar movement
semen containes
prostate and seminal vesicle fluid
two requirements for sperm motility…
elevated pH and an energy source
prostatic fluid buffers what…
vaginal acidity from 3.5 to 7.5
seminal vesicles provide…
fructose and other sugars to the mitochondria
signs and symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy
urination changes, older males,
test the prostate with
a digital rectal exam and PSA blood test
