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Western Medicine > Class 11: Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Class 11: Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

primary sex organ of women

A

ovaries

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2
Q

secondary sex organ of women

A

other internal and external genitalia

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3
Q

ovaries produce…

A

egg cells and sex hormones

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4
Q

the outer cortex of the ovaries are where what develops?

A

germ cells

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5
Q

ovulation refers to the…

A

bursting of the follicle and releasing the egg

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6
Q

the ovarian ligaments attach to…

A

the uterus and pelvic wall

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7
Q

uterine tube is also known as…

A

oviduct or fallopian tube

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8
Q

major parts of the uterine tubes

A

infundibulum and fimbriae

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9
Q

infundibulum is the…

A

flared, trumpet shaped distal end of the uterine tubes

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10
Q

the fimbriae is the…

A

feathery projections on the infundibulum in the uterin tubes

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11
Q

uterus definition

A

a thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina

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12
Q

uterus is located…

A

over the urinary bladder

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13
Q

components of the uterus

A

fundus, body, cervix

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14
Q

cervical canal connects…

A

lumen to vagina

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15
Q

internal os is the…

A

superior opening of the canal into the body of the uterus

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16
Q

the external os is the…

A

inferior opening of the canal into the vagina

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17
Q

the cervical glands secrete…

A

mucus that prevents the spread of microorganisms from the vagina to the uterus

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18
Q

inner part of the uterus is the

A

endometrium

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19
Q

outer part of the uterus is the…

A

myometrium

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20
Q

what sloughs off for menstruation?

A

endometrium

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21
Q

most common STD is..

A

human papilloma virus

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22
Q

detect human papilloma virus through…

A

PAP smears

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23
Q

human papilloma causes…

A

cervical cancer

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24
Q

perimetrium is the…

A

external serosa layer of the uterine wall

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25
Q

the myometrium is the…

A

middle muscle layer of the uterine wall

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26
Q

the myometrium is composed of what kind of muscle?

A

smooth muscle

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27
Q

endometrium components…

A

stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

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28
Q

the stratum functionalis is which part of the uterine wall?

A

superficial half, sheds for menstruation

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29
Q

the stratum basalis is what part of the uterine wall

A

the deep layer which regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each cycle

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30
Q

where does the embryo attach?

A

to the endometrium. forms the maternal part of the placenta

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31
Q

most of the time breasts contain very little…

A

mammary gland

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32
Q

what are the two principle regions of the breast?

A

body, axillary tail

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33
Q

most breast cancer is hereditary or non-hereditary?

A

non-hereditary

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34
Q

oogenesis is defined as…

A

egg production

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35
Q

oogenesis produces… by means of…

A

haploid gametes, meiosis

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36
Q

by puberty, women have…

A

400,000 oocytes

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37
Q

egg development resumes in…

A

adolescence

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38
Q

FSH stimulates…

A

ovaries to complete the first phase of meiosis

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39
Q

secondary oocyte proceeds as far as…

A

metaphase II

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40
Q

secondary oocyte stops after…

A

ovulation

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41
Q

if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized it…

A

dies and never finishes meiosis

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42
Q

if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it…

A

competes meiosis II and casts off a second polar body

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43
Q

puberty begins at age

A

8-10 for most girls in the US

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44
Q

puberty is triggered by rising levels of

A

gonadotropic releasing hormone

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45
Q

FSH comes from which part of the brain?

A

pituitary

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46
Q

FSH stimulates… and they begin to secrete…

A

developing ovarian follicles, estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, etc.

47
Q

estrogens are…

A

feminizing hormones

48
Q

which estrogen is the most common…

A

estradiol

49
Q

1st menstrual is called…

A

menarche

50
Q

what are the hormones of puberty?

A

estradiol and progesterone

51
Q

estradiol does what?

A

stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs, growth hormone secretion

52
Q

estradiol is responsible for what?

A

feminine physique

53
Q

progesterone primarily acts on the … preparing it for…

A

uterus, pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle

54
Q

estrogen and progesterone suppress FSH and LH secretion through…

A

negative feedback

55
Q

climacteric is a …

A

midlife change in hormone secretion-menopause

56
Q

what hormone regulates the ovaries?

A

pituitary

57
Q

what is the hierarchy of hormonal control?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus

58
Q

ovaries exert feedback control over the…

A

hypthalamus and pituitary

59
Q

first part of the menstrual cycle is the… phase

A

follicular

60
Q

after ovulation, the remainder of the follicle becomes…

A

corpus luteum

61
Q

the next two weeks of the menstrual cycle is the…

A

luteal phase

62
Q

three phases of ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

63
Q

which part of the cycle is most variable?

A

the follicular phase

64
Q

during ovulation, what happens

A

the mature follicles rupture and release the egg and attendant cells

65
Q

estradiol stimulates a surge of… by the …

A

LH, FSH by anterior pituitary

66
Q

average menstrual cycle is how many days?

A

5

67
Q

proliferative phase is when..

A

the layer of endometrial tissue that was lost in the last menstruation is rebuilt

68
Q

hormones associated with pregnancy

A

estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin

69
Q

corpus luteum is important…

A

to feed for the first several weeks. removal causes abortion

70
Q

Meiosis is..

A

two cell divisions following one replication of DNA

71
Q

Meiosis only occurs in…

A

gametes

72
Q

process of cell division of somatic cells involves how many phases?

A

one division phase

73
Q

one parent cell divides into…

A

two daughter cells

74
Q

when somatic cells divide, what happens to the chromosome number?

A

stays the same

75
Q

Somatic cells are involved in

A

mitosis

76
Q

Mitosis creates what type of organisms from what?

A

multicellular organisms from a zygote

77
Q

mitosis is the basis of…

A

all tissue growth and repair

78
Q

meiosis produces what types of cells

A

sex cells

79
Q

meiosis affects the chomosome number how?

A

cuts in in half

80
Q

meiosis creates what?

A

genetic variability

81
Q

gametes are …

A

sex cells produces by each parent

82
Q

zygote is a…

A

fertilized egg

83
Q

zygote has a combination of what?

A

both parent’s genes

84
Q

reproductive system consists of what categories of organs?

A

primary and secondary

85
Q

primary sex organs are called

A

gonads

86
Q

gonads produce

A

gametes

87
Q

sex organ of men

A

testes

88
Q

sex organ of women

A

ovaries

89
Q

secondary sex organs are…

A

organs other than the gonads that are necessary for reproduction

90
Q

The Y chromosome in males does what?

A

stimulates the production of testosterone and male primary and secondary characteristics

91
Q

X chromosome in females does what?

A

Contributes to all female hormones and female primary and secondary characteristics

92
Q

prostate and seminal vessel create…

A

seminal fluid for semen to be transported in

93
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulates what in men?

A

spermatogenesis

94
Q

luteinizing hormone is sometimes called

A

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

95
Q

lutenizing hormone stimulates…

A

interstitial cells to produce testosterone

96
Q

the sex hormones are stimulated by what part of the brain

A

anterior pituitary cells

97
Q

male infertility causes

A
  • anatomical
  • sperm dysfunction
  • infected semen
  • elevated temperature of scrotum
98
Q

erectile dysfunction occurs how often

A

20% of men in 60s, 50% in 80s

99
Q

spermatogenesis is the process of…

A

sperm production in seminiferous tubules

100
Q

spermatogenesis first event

A

remodeling of a large germ cell into small, mobile sperm cells with flagella

101
Q

spermatogenesis second event

A

reduction of chromosome number by 1/2 via meiosis

102
Q

spermatogenesis third event

A

shuffle genes so new combinations exist in the sperm that are different from the parents

103
Q

spermiogenesis is a process in which what transform to what?

A

spermatids to spermatozoa

104
Q

spermatozoon has how many parts, what are the?

A

2, head and tail

105
Q

head of spermatozoon nucleus contains a…

A

haploid set of chromosomes

106
Q

acrosome of the spermatozoon is the…

A

enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg

107
Q

basal body of the spermatozoon is the…

A

indentation in the basal end of the nucleus where the flagellum attaches

108
Q

the tail of the spermatozoon contains… produces…

A

mitochondria around the axoneme of the flagella and produces ATP for flagellar movement

109
Q

semen containes

A

prostate and seminal vesicle fluid

110
Q

two requirements for sperm motility…

A

elevated pH and an energy source

111
Q

prostatic fluid buffers what…

A

vaginal acidity from 3.5 to 7.5

112
Q

seminal vesicles provide…

A

fructose and other sugars to the mitochondria

113
Q

signs and symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy

A

urination changes, older males,

114
Q

test the prostate with

A

a digital rectal exam and PSA blood test

Western Medicine (10 decks)

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