Class 11: Reproductive Systems Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
primary sex organ of women
A
ovaries
2
Q
secondary sex organ of women
A
other internal and external genitalia
3
Q
ovaries produce…
A
egg cells and sex hormones
4
Q
the outer cortex of the ovaries are where what develops?
A
germ cells
5
Q
ovulation refers to the…
A
bursting of the follicle and releasing the egg
6
Q
the ovarian ligaments attach to…
A
the uterus and pelvic wall
7
Q
uterine tube is also known as…
A
oviduct or fallopian tube
8
Q
major parts of the uterine tubes
A
infundibulum and fimbriae
9
Q
infundibulum is the…
A
flared, trumpet shaped distal end of the uterine tubes
10
Q
the fimbriae is the…
A
feathery projections on the infundibulum in the uterin tubes
11
Q
uterus definition
A
a thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina
12
Q
uterus is located…
A
over the urinary bladder
13
Q
components of the uterus
A
fundus, body, cervix
14
Q
cervical canal connects…
A
lumen to vagina
15
Q
internal os is the…
A
superior opening of the canal into the body of the uterus
16
Q
the external os is the…
A
inferior opening of the canal into the vagina
17
Q
the cervical glands secrete…
A
mucus that prevents the spread of microorganisms from the vagina to the uterus
18
Q
inner part of the uterus is the
A
endometrium
19
Q
outer part of the uterus is the…
A
myometrium
20
Q
what sloughs off for menstruation?
A
endometrium
21
Q
most common STD is..
A
human papilloma virus
22
Q
detect human papilloma virus through…
A
PAP smears
23
Q
human papilloma causes…
A
cervical cancer
24
Q
perimetrium is the…
A
external serosa layer of the uterine wall
25
the myometrium is the...
middle muscle layer of the uterine wall
26
the myometrium is composed of what kind of muscle?
smooth muscle
27
endometrium components...
stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
28
the stratum functionalis is which part of the uterine wall?
superficial half, sheds for menstruation
29
the stratum basalis is what part of the uterine wall
the deep layer which regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each cycle
30
where does the embryo attach?
to the endometrium. forms the maternal part of the placenta
31
most of the time breasts contain very little...
mammary gland
32
what are the two principle regions of the breast?
body, axillary tail
33
most breast cancer is hereditary or non-hereditary?
non-hereditary
34
oogenesis is defined as...
egg production
35
oogenesis produces... by means of...
haploid gametes, meiosis
36
by puberty, women have...
400,000 oocytes
37
egg development resumes in...
adolescence
38
FSH stimulates...
ovaries to complete the first phase of meiosis
39
secondary oocyte proceeds as far as...
metaphase II
40
secondary oocyte stops after...
ovulation
41
if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized it...
dies and never finishes meiosis
42
if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it...
competes meiosis II and casts off a second polar body
43
puberty begins at age
8-10 for most girls in the US
44
puberty is triggered by rising levels of
gonadotropic releasing hormone
45
FSH comes from which part of the brain?
pituitary
46
FSH stimulates... and they begin to secrete...
developing ovarian follicles, estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, etc.
47
estrogens are...
feminizing hormones
48
which estrogen is the most common...
estradiol
49
1st menstrual is called...
menarche
50
what are the hormones of puberty?
estradiol and progesterone
51
estradiol does what?
stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs, growth hormone secretion
52
estradiol is responsible for what?
feminine physique
53
progesterone primarily acts on the ... preparing it for...
uterus, pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle
54
estrogen and progesterone suppress FSH and LH secretion through...
negative feedback
55
climacteric is a ...
midlife change in hormone secretion-menopause
56
what hormone regulates the ovaries?
pituitary
57
what is the hierarchy of hormonal control?
hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus
58
ovaries exert feedback control over the...
hypthalamus and pituitary
59
first part of the menstrual cycle is the... phase
follicular
60
after ovulation, the remainder of the follicle becomes...
corpus luteum
61
the next two weeks of the menstrual cycle is the...
luteal phase
62
three phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
63
which part of the cycle is most variable?
the follicular phase
64
during ovulation, what happens
the mature follicles rupture and release the egg and attendant cells
65
estradiol stimulates a surge of... by the ...
LH, FSH by anterior pituitary
66
average menstrual cycle is how many days?
5
67
proliferative phase is when..
the layer of endometrial tissue that was lost in the last menstruation is rebuilt
68
hormones associated with pregnancy
estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin
69
corpus luteum is important...
to feed for the first several weeks. removal causes abortion
70
Meiosis is..
two cell divisions following one replication of DNA
71
Meiosis only occurs in...
gametes
72
process of cell division of somatic cells involves how many phases?
one division phase
73
one parent cell divides into...
two daughter cells
74
when somatic cells divide, what happens to the chromosome number?
stays the same
75
Somatic cells are involved in
mitosis
76
Mitosis creates what type of organisms from what?
multicellular organisms from a zygote
77
mitosis is the basis of...
all tissue growth and repair
78
meiosis produces what types of cells
sex cells
79
meiosis affects the chomosome number how?
cuts in in half
80
meiosis creates what?
genetic variability
81
gametes are ...
sex cells produces by each parent
82
zygote is a...
fertilized egg
83
zygote has a combination of what?
both parent's genes
84
reproductive system consists of what categories of organs?
primary and secondary
85
primary sex organs are called
gonads
86
gonads produce
gametes
87
sex organ of men
testes
88
sex organ of women
ovaries
89
secondary sex organs are...
organs other than the gonads that are necessary for reproduction
90
The Y chromosome in males does what?
stimulates the production of testosterone and male primary and secondary characteristics
91
X chromosome in females does what?
Contributes to all female hormones and female primary and secondary characteristics
92
prostate and seminal vessel create...
seminal fluid for semen to be transported in
93
Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulates what in men?
spermatogenesis
94
luteinizing hormone is sometimes called
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
95
lutenizing hormone stimulates...
interstitial cells to produce testosterone
96
the sex hormones are stimulated by what part of the brain
anterior pituitary cells
97
male infertility causes
- anatomical
- sperm dysfunction
- infected semen
- elevated temperature of scrotum
98
erectile dysfunction occurs how often
20% of men in 60s, 50% in 80s
99
spermatogenesis is the process of...
sperm production in seminiferous tubules
100
spermatogenesis first event
remodeling of a large germ cell into small, mobile sperm cells with flagella
101
spermatogenesis second event
reduction of chromosome number by 1/2 via meiosis
102
spermatogenesis third event
shuffle genes so new combinations exist in the sperm that are different from the parents
103
spermiogenesis is a process in which what transform to what?
spermatids to spermatozoa
104
spermatozoon has how many parts, what are the?
2, head and tail
105
head of spermatozoon nucleus contains a...
haploid set of chromosomes
106
acrosome of the spermatozoon is the...
enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg
107
basal body of the spermatozoon is the...
indentation in the basal end of the nucleus where the flagellum attaches
108
the tail of the spermatozoon contains... produces...
mitochondria around the axoneme of the flagella and produces ATP for flagellar movement
109
semen containes
prostate and seminal vesicle fluid
110
two requirements for sperm motility...
elevated pH and an energy source
111
prostatic fluid buffers what...
vaginal acidity from 3.5 to 7.5
112
seminal vesicles provide...
fructose and other sugars to the mitochondria
113
signs and symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy
urination changes, older males,
114
test the prostate with
a digital rectal exam and PSA blood test
