Class 9 Flashcards
What qualifies as being born premature
Prematurity
Born before 37th week
< 2500g
What qualifies as being born immature
Prematurity
< 1500g
cannot survive outside neonatal unit
5-10% of pregnancies terminate prematurely due to what factors?
Prematurity
Maternal
Fetal
Placental
What is Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
NRDS
Premature fetus
Alveoli collapse due to lack of surfactant
What happens after alveoli collapse from Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
NRDS
Lack of oxygen
Cells damage/death
Infant can die
What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
SIDS
Unexpected death in infants
What are the main risk factors for SIDS?
SIDS
Prone sleeping
Smoke exposure
Young mother
low socioeconomic
How much % of body is water?
Ratio of intracellular/intercellular?
Fluid and Hemodynamic disorders
60%
2/3 - intracellular
1/3 - intercellular spaces
What factors should be considered regarding Edema?
Fluid and Hemodynamic Disorders
Redistribution of body fluids
Loss of fluids
Retention of fluids
Disruption of circulation
What is Edema
Edema
Excess fluid in tissues/cavities
What is anasarca?
Edema
Generalized edema
Edema classified as Exudate means?
Edema
High in protein/cells
Typical inflammation
Edema classified as Transudate means?
Edema
High in protein
Low in cells
Transudate Edema may accumulate due to?
Edema
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Reduced oncotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium Retention
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Edema
Pressure pushing fluid out of capillaries into IF
What is oncotic pressure?
Edema
Proteins pull fluid back into capillaries
How does inflammatory edema occur?
Types of Edema
Fluid leaks through permeable vessel wall
What is hydrostatic edema?
Types of Edema
Intravascular pressure promotes transmembranous passage of fluids
Fluid pulled out of vessel
What is oncotic edema?
Types of Edema
Decreased plasma proteins or decreased colloid osmotic pressure
Obstructive edema?
Types of Edema
Very rare, caused by parasites or tumor cells
Hypervolemic Edema?
Types of Edema
Kidney disfunction leading to retention of sodium/water
Edema is usually a combination of many factors, but what two major organs often cause edema?
Edema
Heart
Kidneys
What is hyperemia? How many types are there?
Hyperemia
Too much blood in an area.
1. Active
2. Reactive
3. Passive
What is Active Hyperemia
(aka Functional Hyperemia)
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow when tissue is active. Ex during exercise
What is Reactive Hyperemia
Hyperemia
Increased bloodflow after being occluded (blocked)
What is Passive Hyperemia
Hyperemia
Congestion. Blood backs up causing backpressure.
Consequence of heart failure
What is cyanosis
Edema
Bluish tissues
Less oxygen
What is a hemorhage? Where can it occur
Hemorhage
Loss of blood from circulatory system. Can occur internally/externally
How much blood can be lost without clinical consequence
Hemorhage
10-15%
What is cardiac hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Can result from gun/stab
or Heart attack
Often fatal
What is Aortic Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Caused by trauma/ weakened aortic wall
What is arterial hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Artery bleeding from gun, knife, or fracture
What is capillary hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Pinpoint droplets appearing on skin
Trauma, venous pressure
What is Venous Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Usually traumatic
Dark red/not pulsating
Hemothorax
Definitions
Blood in thoracic cavity
Hemoperitoneum
Definitions
Blood in peritoneal cavity
Hemopericardium
Definitions
Blood in pericardial cavity
Hematomas
Definitions
Blood filled swellings
Petechiae
Definitions
Small hemorrhages of skin/mucosa
Purpura
Definitions
Medium hemorrhages of skin/mucosa
Ecchymoses
Definitions
Large blotchy bruises
Hemoptysis
Definitions
Blood in respiratory tract
Hematemesis
Definitions
Vomiting blood
Melena
Definitions
Black discoloured stool
Could be stomach cancer
Hematochezia
Definitions
Anorectal bleeding
hemorrhoids
Metrorrhagia
Definitions
Uterovaginal bleeding
Menorrhagia
Definitions
Heavy menstrual bleeding
Hematuria
Definitions
Blood in urine
Massive Acute hemorrhage. How much blood loss is lethal?
Clinical Correlations
More than 1500ml
Chronic hemorrhages result in
Clinical Correlations
(bleeding gastic ulcer/heavy menstruation)
Results in Anemia
