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General Pathology > Class 10 > Flashcards

Class 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is thrombosis

Thrombosis

A

Clotting of WBC’s into aggregate of blood cells and fibrin

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2
Q

What is fibrin

Thrombosis

A

Polymerized fibrinogen

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3
Q

What is a thrombus?

Thrombosis

A

Network of filaments binding blood cells to form plug (thrombus)

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4
Q

What promotes thrombosus?

Pathogenesis

A

Clotting factors and Platelets

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5
Q

What counteracts thrombosus

Pathogenesis

A

Endothelial cells and plasmin

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6
Q

Intravascular coagulation is the result of which three things?

Pathogenesis

A
  1. Coagulation proteins
  2. Endothelial cells
  3. Platelets
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7
Q

What is the main coagulation protein and how does it work?

1) Coagulation proteins

A

Thrombin
Converts fibrinogen into fibrin

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8
Q

What is the role of endothelial cells in coagulation?

2) Endothelial Cells

A

Can initiate thrombosis by through activation by cytokines (inflammation)

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9
Q

Normal resting endothelial cells have what kind of function in regards to coagulation?

2) Endothelial cells

A

Have antithrombotic function

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10
Q

What is the role of platelets in coagulation?

3) Platelets

A

Neutralize anticoagulation factors and secrete thromboxane

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11
Q

What does Virchow’s triad entail?

Pathogenesis of Thrombi

A

Virchow’s Triad:
1. Endothelial Cell injury
2. Hemodynamic changes
3. Hypercoagulability of whole blood

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

How can Endothelial cell injury cause pathologic thrombus formation?

Pathogenesis of Thrombi

A

Inflammatory mediators cause endothelium to lose antithrombotic properties

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14
Q

How can hemodynamic changes cause pathologic thrombus formation?

Pathogenesis of thrombi

A

Slow blood floow results in sedimentation and small thrombi not dissolving

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15
Q

What is the role of hypercoaguability in pathologic thrombus formation?

Pathogenesis of thrombi

A

fluid loss cause thicker blood/higher chance for clotting

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16
Q

How are Thrombi classified?

Classification

A

Based on location or gross appearance

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17
Q

Intramural thrombi

Classification

A

Endocardium - wall of heart chambers

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18
Q

Valvular Thrombi mimics what?

Classification

A

Mimics endocarditis (bacterial infection of valve)

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19
Q

Arterial thrombi

Classification

A

In arteries
Could be atherosclerosis or aneurisms.

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20
Q

Venous Thrombi are common in?

Classification

A

Common in varicose veins
could lead to thrombophlebitis.

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21
Q

Microvascular Thrombi

Classification

A

In arterioles, capillaries, venules

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22
Q

Red (conglutination) thrombi

Classification

A

Red thrombi in small vessels

23
Q

Layered (sedimentation) thrombi

Classification

A

Layered appearance from Lines of Zahn
(Cellular elements and fibrin)

24
Q

Occlusive thrombi can be?

Fate of Thrombi

A

Recanalized

25
Q

Thrombi that break become what?

Fate of Thrombi

A

Emboli

26
Q

Emboli can block blood vessel, potentially leading to what?

Fate of Thrombi

A

Infarction

27
Q

What causes ischemia

Clinical Correlations

A

Occlusion of lumen of b.v.

28
Q

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?

Clinical Correlation

A

Thrombotic occlusion of coronary arteries

29
Q

What causes chronic heart failure?

Clinical Correlations

A

Slow narrowing lumen - Decreased blood flow - hypoxia, reduced function

30
Q

What is it called when a thrombus detaches and becomes free-flowing in blood?

Clinical Correlations

A

Embolus

31
Q

What is an infarct caused by?

Clinical Correlations

A

Most caused by thrombi or thromboemboli

32
Q

What is a major cause of stroke?

Clinical Correlations

A

Cerebral infarct

33
Q

What is an infected thrombus that breaks off called?

Clinical Correlations

A

Septic emboli

34
Q

How are emboli classified

Classification (emboli)

A

What they are made of

35
Q

What is a Thromboemboli

Classification of emboli

A

Thrombi carried by venous or arterial blood

36
Q

What is liquid emboli

Classification of emboli

A

Fat emboli following bone fracture

37
Q

What is a gaseous emboli

Classification of emboli

A

Gas bubble emboli, air injected in veins

38
Q

What is solid particle emboli made of?

Classification of emboli

A

cholesterol, tumor cells, bone marrow

39
Q

All emboli can occlude blood vessels, causing what?

Clincal Correlations

A

Ishcemia - reduced blood supply to organs

40
Q

What is the most clinically significant emboli type, while all others are rare?

Clinical Correlations

A

Thromboemboli

41
Q

What usually happens due to a venous emboli?

Clinical Correlations

A

Typically lodge in pulmonary artery causing pulmonary embolism

42
Q

What do arterial emboli commonly cause?

Clinical Correlations

A

Ischemia in spleen, kidneys, intestines

43
Q

Where do arterial emboli typically lodge?

Clinical Correlation

A

medium-sized arteries
Middle cerebral artery

44
Q

What are Renal infarcts associated with?

Clinical Correlations

A

Hematuria

45
Q

What can Intestinal infarcts cause?

Clinical Correlations

A

Gangrene of intestines

46
Q

What is an infarction

Infarction

A

Sudden insuffiency of blood to an area causing necrosis

47
Q

What are the two origins and two colors of infarctions

A

Arterial - white
Venous - red

48
Q

What is a white/pale infarct?

Classification of Infarctions

A

Blockage in artery reducing blood supply to organs
Cause white tissues

49
Q

What is a red infarction?

Classification of infarctions

A

Venous blockage causing pooled blood and red appearance

50
Q

The fate of infarcts depends on what 3 factors?

Fate of Infarcts

A

Anatomic Site
Circulatory status
Capacity for repair

50
Q

Can ischemic necrosis of post-mitotic cells (e.g. heart) be repaired

Fate of infarcts

A

No - only replaced by scar tissue

51
Q

Can necrotic brain cells be repaired?

Fate of infarcts

A

No - liquefactive necrotic tissue reabsorbed leaving clear cyst

52
Q

Can mitotic tissue and facultative mitotic tissue (e.g. liver) be repaired

Fate of infarcts

A

Yes with relatively few defects

53
Q

Large infarcts can be impossible to regenerate completely, resulting in what?

Fate of infarcts

A

Scarring
Loss of function

General Pathology (12 decks)

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