Class 6 - Development, Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards
Development psychology
studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life
Zygote
fertilized egg
Fetus
the developing human organism; after embryo
Embryo
developing human organism
Teratogens
agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Maturation
biological growth processes that enables orderly changes in behavior
Cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same
Egocentrism
the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
Theory of mind
people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Autism spectrum disorder
marked by deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixed interests and repetitive behaviors
Piaget : Sensorimotor stage
object permanence, stranger anxiety; first stage
Piaget : Preoperational stage
egocentrism, pretend play; second stage
Piaget : Concrete operational stage
conservation, mathematical transformations; third stage
Piaget : Formal operational stage
abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning; last stage
Stranger anxiety
fear of strangers
Attachment
emotional tie with another person
Critical Period
period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
Imprinting
process where certain animals form strong attachments during early life
Strange situation
procedure for studying attachment; place baby and stranger in the same room without his/her caregiver
Secure attachment
explore environments comfortably when their caregiver is present
Insecure attachment
infants that display a clinging, anxious attachment or avoidant attachment that resists closeness
Temperament
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
Self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to question “Who am I?”
Parenting styles
- Authoritarian : dictate parent, overbearing
- Permissive : allow them to do whatever they want
- Negligent : ignore children
- Authoritative : firm but reasonable
Relational aggression
aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing
Gender role
a set of expected behaviors, attitude, and traits for male or for female
Androgny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
Prunning
development of connection between cells and form patterns throughout life
Neural plasticity
the brain’s neuron’s ability to adapt and grow to form new connections
Adolescence
emotional part of brain (limbic system) develop faster than communication part of brain (frontal lobe)
Kohlberg : Per-conventional morality
self-interest
Kohlberg : Conventional morality
uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Kohlberg : Post-conventional morality
actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles
Erikson : Infancy
trust vs mistrust
Erikson : Toddlerhood
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Erikson : Preschool
initiative vs guilt
Erikson : Elementary school
competence vs inferiority
Erikson : Adolescence
identity vs role confusion
Erikson : Young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
Erikson : Middle adulthood
generativity vs stagnation
Erikson : Late adulthood
integrity vs despair
Cross-sectional study
study two or more group at the same time
Longitudinal study
study one individual for a long period of time
Cohort effect
phenomena of the difference in individuals growing u pin different eras
Social clock
a timeline by the society of what we expect an individual to do at a certain time in their live
Alzheimer’s disease
memory and thinking skills slowly destroyed
General intelligence (g)
a type of intelligence that measures a person’s intelligence
Multiple intelligence
different type of intelligence; Gardner’s eight intelligence
Savant
people with superhuman like abilities in one specific field
ex. human calculator, knowing a date of a random calendar date
Sternberg’s three intelligence
- analytical intelligence : logical situations, science
- creative intelligence : solve problem, create something new
- practical intelligence : “street smart”, adapt quickly to situations
Social intelligence
very social leader, support others, influence, interpersonal intelligence
Emotion intelligence
intrapersonal intelligence, deal with and control emotions (own and others)
Intelligence Quotient
score of derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence
Normal curve
bell-shaped curve
Calculating IQ
mental age / chronological age * 100
Reliability
results are always consistent regardless of the number of times the test has been performed
Validity
is test measuring what it is suppose to test
Content validity
how well the test measures what its suppose to measure
Predictive validity
extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure
Cohort
individual in the same era in time
Crystallized intelligence
fact based knowledge
Fluid intelligence
knowledge that is adaptable, changable
Intellectual disability
disability in intelligence
ex. down syndrome
Heritability
proportion of variation among individual in a group that we can attribute to genes
Stereotype threat
self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
