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AP Psychology - Self > Class 6 - Development, Testing and Individual Differences > Flashcards

Class 6 - Development, Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Development psychology

A

studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life

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2
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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3
Q

Fetus

A

the developing human organism; after embryo

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4
Q

Embryo

A

developing human organism

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

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7
Q

Habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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8
Q

Maturation

A

biological growth processes that enables orderly changes in behavior

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9
Q

Cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating

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10
Q

Schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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13
Q

Object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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14
Q

Conservation

A

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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16
Q

Theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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17
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

marked by deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixed interests and repetitive behaviors

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18
Q

Piaget : Sensorimotor stage

A

object permanence, stranger anxiety; first stage

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19
Q

Piaget : Preoperational stage

A

egocentrism, pretend play; second stage

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20
Q

Piaget : Concrete operational stage

A

conservation, mathematical transformations; third stage

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21
Q

Piaget : Formal operational stage

A

abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning; last stage

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22
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers

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23
Q

Attachment

A

emotional tie with another person

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24
Q

Critical Period

A

period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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25
Q

Imprinting

A

process where certain animals form strong attachments during early life

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26
Q

Strange situation

A

procedure for studying attachment; place baby and stranger in the same room without his/her caregiver

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27
Q

Secure attachment

A

explore environments comfortably when their caregiver is present

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28
Q

Insecure attachment

A

infants that display a clinging, anxious attachment or avoidant attachment that resists closeness

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29
Q

Temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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30
Q

Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)

A

sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

31
Q

Self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to question “Who am I?”

32
Q

Parenting styles

A
  1. Authoritarian : dictate parent, overbearing
  2. Permissive : allow them to do whatever they want
  3. Negligent : ignore children
  4. Authoritative : firm but reasonable
33
Q

Relational aggression

A

aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

34
Q

Gender role

A

a set of expected behaviors, attitude, and traits for male or for female

35
Q

Androgny

A

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

36
Q

Prunning

A

development of connection between cells and form patterns throughout life

37
Q

Neural plasticity

A

the brain’s neuron’s ability to adapt and grow to form new connections

38
Q

Adolescence

A

emotional part of brain (limbic system) develop faster than communication part of brain (frontal lobe)

39
Q

Kohlberg : Per-conventional morality

A

self-interest

40
Q

Kohlberg : Conventional morality

A

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

41
Q

Kohlberg : Post-conventional morality

A

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles

42
Q

Erikson : Infancy

A

trust vs mistrust

43
Q

Erikson : Toddlerhood

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

44
Q

Erikson : Preschool

A

initiative vs guilt

45
Q

Erikson : Elementary school

A

competence vs inferiority

46
Q

Erikson : Adolescence

A

identity vs role confusion

47
Q

Erikson : Young adulthood

A

intimacy vs isolation

48
Q

Erikson : Middle adulthood

A

generativity vs stagnation

49
Q

Erikson : Late adulthood

A

integrity vs despair

50
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

study two or more group at the same time

51
Q

Longitudinal study

A

study one individual for a long period of time

52
Q

Cohort effect

A

phenomena of the difference in individuals growing u pin different eras

53
Q

Social clock

A

a timeline by the society of what we expect an individual to do at a certain time in their live

54
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

memory and thinking skills slowly destroyed

55
Q

General intelligence (g)

A

a type of intelligence that measures a person’s intelligence

56
Q

Multiple intelligence

A

different type of intelligence; Gardner’s eight intelligence

57
Q

Savant

A

people with superhuman like abilities in one specific field

ex. human calculator, knowing a date of a random calendar date

58
Q

Sternberg’s three intelligence

A
  1. analytical intelligence : logical situations, science
  2. creative intelligence : solve problem, create something new
  3. practical intelligence : “street smart”, adapt quickly to situations
59
Q

Social intelligence

A

very social leader, support others, influence, interpersonal intelligence

60
Q

Emotion intelligence

A

intrapersonal intelligence, deal with and control emotions (own and others)

61
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

score of derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence

62
Q

Normal curve

A

bell-shaped curve

63
Q

Calculating IQ

A

mental age / chronological age * 100

64
Q

Reliability

A

results are always consistent regardless of the number of times the test has been performed

65
Q

Validity

A

is test measuring what it is suppose to test

66
Q

Content validity

A

how well the test measures what its suppose to measure

67
Q

Predictive validity

A

extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure

68
Q

Cohort

A

individual in the same era in time

69
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

fact based knowledge

70
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

knowledge that is adaptable, changable

71
Q

Intellectual disability

A

disability in intelligence

ex. down syndrome

72
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of variation among individual in a group that we can attribute to genes

73
Q

Stereotype threat

A

self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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