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AP Psychology - Self > Class 2 - Consciousness, Genetics, Evolution, Nervous, Endocrine, Brain > Flashcards

Class 2 - Consciousness, Genetics, Evolution, Nervous, Endocrine, Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network; uses neurotransmitters as mssengers

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2
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

carry info from tissues and sensory receptors to the central nervous system

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3
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry info from central nervous system to muscles and glands

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4
Q

Interneurons

A

within central nervous system; process info between sensory inputs and motor outputs

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5
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a stimulus

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls glands and internal-organ muscles; sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses body and expands energy

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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms body, conserves energy; rest and digest

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

body’s slower chemical communication system

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13
Q

Hormones

A

messengers made by glands, travel through bloodstream, and affect tissue

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14
Q

Pituitary gland

A

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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15
Q

Oxytocin

A

hormones and a neurotransmitter that is involved in childbirth and breast-feeding; associated with empathy, trust, sexual activity, and relationship-building.

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16
Q

EEG

A

measure electrical activity in neurons

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17
Q

MEG

A

records magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical currents

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18
Q

CT (CAT)

A

generate x-ray of the head

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19
Q

PET

A

Tracks where radioactive glucose goes while the brain is performing a task

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20
Q

MRI

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide map of brain structure

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21
Q

fMRI

A

measures blood-flow to brain regions by comparing MRI scans; reveals function and structure

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22
Q

Brain stem

A

medulla and pons

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23
Q

Medulla

A

heartbeat and breathing

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24
Q

Pons

A

helps coordinate movements and control sleep

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25
Q

Reticular formation

A

filters incoming stimulus and relays information; controls arousal

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26
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory information

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27
Q

Cerebellum

A

nonverbal learning; skill memory; coordinates voluntary movement and balance

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28
Q

Limbic system

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

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29
Q

Amygdala

A

linked to emotion

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30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

temperature, eating/drinking; controls pituitary glands; emotion/reward

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31
Q

Hippocampus

A

helps process/storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events

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32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobes, parietal lobes, occipital lobes, temporal lobes

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33
Q

Frontal lobes

A

speaking, muscle movements; making plans and judgments; prefrontal cortex, motor cortex

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34
Q

Parietal lobes

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position; somatosensory cortex

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35
Q

Occipital lobes

A

receive information from visual fields; visual cortex

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36
Q

Temporal lobes

A

receive information from auditory areas; auditory cortex

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37
Q

Association areas

A

not involved in primary motor or sensory functions, involved in higher mental functions; Broca and Wernicke area

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38
Q

Broca’s area

A

speaking

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39
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

understanding

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40
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects two cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change

42
Q

Neurogensis

A

the formation of new neurons

43
Q

Left hemisphere

A

language and arithmetic reasoning

44
Q

Right hemisphere

A

creative, perceptual tasks, making inferences

45
Q

Split brain

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemisphere

46
Q

HEART experiment

A

HE and ART are flashed to different hemisphere

47
Q

Spoon experiment

A

picture of spoon flashed to the right hemisphere

48
Q

Consciousness

A

subjective awareness of ourselves and environment

49
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition

50
Q

Dual processing

A

often simultaneously process info on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

51
Q

Conscious and unconscious

A

conscious : deliberate and reflective

unconscious : automatic and intuitive

52
Q

Blindsight

A

responding to a visual stimulus without consciously experiment it

53
Q

Parallel processing

A

processing many aspects simultaneously

54
Q

Sequential processing

A

processing one aspect at a time

55
Q

Behavior genetics

A

studies the power/limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

56
Q

Heredity

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

57
Q

Environment

A

every non-genetic influence

58
Q

Identical twins

A

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two

59
Q

Fraternal twins

A

develop from separate fertilized eggs

60
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of variation among individuals in a group that can be attributed to genes

61
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression

62
Q

Natural selection

A

inherited traits that better enables an organism to survive and reproduce will likely be passed on to the succeeding generations

63
Q

Mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

64
Q

Fitness

A

ability to survive and reproduce

65
Q

Hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

66
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

our biological clock, regular bodily rhythm that occur on a 24-hour cycle

67
Q

Sleep

A

a periodic natural loss of consciousness (90-min)

68
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur (muscle relaxed, other body systems activie)

69
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except REM sleep

70
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences

71
Q

Alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

72
Q

Hypnagogic sensation

A

bizarre experience

73
Q

Delta waves

A

large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep of NREM-3 (hard to awaken)

74
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm

75
Q

Why sleep?

A

protects; helps recuperate, restore/rebuild memories/skills; feed creativity; growth

76
Q

Insomnia

A

ongoing difficulty in falling or staying asleep

77
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Uncontrollable/sudden sleep attacks (REM) at inopportune times

78
Q

Sleep apnea

A

stopping breathing repeatedly during sleep; momentary awakenings

79
Q

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking

A

sleeptalking can occur in any stage; sleepwalking happens in NREM-3 sleep

80
Q

Night terrors

A

appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting or walkign in NREM-3 sleep

81
Q

Dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thought passing through a sleeping person’s mind

82
Q

Manifest content

A

dream’s symbolic storyline

83
Q

Latent content

A

underlying/hidden meaning

84
Q

Dream Theory : Freud’s wish-fulfillment

A

dreams preserve sleep and provide a “psychic safety valve” – expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest and latent content

85
Q

Dream Theory : Information-processing

A

dreams help us sort out the day’s event and consolidate our memories

86
Q

Dream Theory : Physiological function

A

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

87
Q

Dream Theory : Activation-synthesis

A

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

88
Q

Dream Theory : Cognitive development

A

dream content reflects cognitive development and stimulate lives

89
Q

REM Rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

90
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

91
Q

Substance use disorder

A

a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

92
Q

Tolerance

A

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

93
Q

Withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

94
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

95
Q

Examples of depressants

A
  1. alcohol
  2. tranquilizers
  3. opiates
96
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

97
Q

Examples of stimulants

A
  1. caffeine

2. nicotine

98
Q

Hallucinogens

A

psychedelic drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

99
Q

Examples of hallucinogens

A
  1. Near-death experience
  2. LSD
  3. THC

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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