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AP Psychology - Self > Class 1 - history, methods, psychology, stats, ethics, neuron > Flashcards

Class 1 - history, methods, psychology, stats, ethics, neuron Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Psychology :

A

the study of mental processes and behavior as well as their interactions with the brain.

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2
Q

Plato’s and Socrates’s ideas

A

mind is separated form the body; knowledge is born within

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3
Q

Aristotle’s and Locke”s ideas

A

knowledge grows from experience; mind is at a blank slate at birth

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4
Q

Empiricism

A

knowledge comes from experience

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5
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1st experimental psychology lab

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6
Q

John B. Watson

A

study on “Little Albert”; studied behaviorism

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7
Q

Structuralism

A

use introspection to reveal structure of the human mind

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8
Q

Introspection

A

looking inward to observe one’s own psychological processes

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9
Q

Functionalism

A

explore how mental and behavioral processes function

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10
Q

William James

A

promoted functionalism, wrote Principles of Psychology

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

psychology as objective science without reference to mental processes; observable behavior; how our environment effect our behavior

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

behaviorism; discovery of classical conditioning (dog experiment)

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13
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

behaviorism; how consequences shape behavior

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14
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

A

emphasized how unconscious mind and childhood affect behavior

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15
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

emphasized human growth potential; believe humans are born good

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16
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistic psychology

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17
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanistic psychology

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18
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

psychoanalysis

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19
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

study of mental processes, perception, learning, memory, problem solving, thinking, emotions

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20
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

study of the evolution of behavior

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21
Q

Socioculture Psychology

A

how our culture effect us; how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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22
Q

Biological Psychology

A

nervous system, hormones, genetics

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23
Q

SQ3R

A

survey, questions, read, retrieve, review

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24
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

an experiment with a group of people, some have power (guards) some does not (prisoners)

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25
APA Ethics Code
1. Informed consent 2. Protection 3. Confidentiality 4. Debriefing
26
Normal Distribution
bell-shaped
27
Skewed Distribution
leaning to one side
28
Central Tendency measurements
1. mean 2. median 3. mode
29
Mean
the arithmetic average
30
Median
the midpoint
31
Mode
the most frequent number in a distribution
32
Measures of Variation
1. Standard deviation | 2. Range
33
Standard deviation
a computer measure of how much scores vary around the mean
34
Statistical Significance
indicate how likely that a result occurred by chance
35
Neuron
a nerve cell
36
Neuron parts
1. Dendrite 2. Cell body (Soma) 3. Axon 4. Myelin Sheath 5. Synapse
37
Neural Impulse / Action Potential
a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
38
Threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
39
All-or-None Response
a neuron's reaction to either firing or not firing
40
Refractory period
a brief resting pause after a neuron has fired
41
Synapse
junction between the axon tip of one neuron and the dendrite/body of another neuron
42
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
43
Reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
44
Acetylcholine (ACh)
enables muscle action, learning, and memory
45
Dopamine
influences movement, learning, attention, and emotions
46
Serotonin
affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
47
Norepinephrine
helps control alertness and arousal
48
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter
49
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
50
Endorphins
influence the perception of pain or pleasure
51
Agonist
molecule that increases/replicates a neurotransmitter's action
52
Antagonist
molecule that inhibit/blocks a neurotransmitter's action
53
Roadblock of critical thinking
1. hindsight bias 2. overconfidence 3. perceiving patterns in random events
54
Hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after the outcome, that one would have foreseen it ex. "Out of sight, out of mind" vs. "Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
55
Overconfidence
overconfident about something; thinking that you are better than you actually are ex. random facts
56
Perceiving patterns in random events
think that there are actually a pattern when there isn't one | ex. rain dance, superstition
57
Scientific attitude
1. Curiosity 2. Skepticism 3. Humility
58
Theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behavior or events
59
Hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
60
Operation definition
a carefully-worded statement of the exact procedures used in research
61
Replication
repeating the essence of a research study to see whether findings can be reproduced
62
Basic types of methods
1. Description 2. Correlation 3. Experiment
63
Descriptive methods
to observe and record behavior; does not manipulate anything 1. case study 2. naturalistic observation 3. survey
64
Case study
study one individual/group in depth
65
Naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally-occurring situations
66
Survey
obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative random sample of the group
67
Wording effect
different ways that people word a sentence might get a different outcome
68
Sampling bias
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
69
Random sample
each member has an equal chance of inclusion (fairly represents a population)
70
Correlation
to detect/assess relationships between/among variables; associate different factors or variables
71
Variables
anything that can vary
72
Scatterplot
a graphed cluster of dots
73
Correlation coefficient
measure how strong a relationship is between two variables | -1 --------- 0 ------- +1
74
Illusory correlation
perceiving a relationship where none exists
75
Experimentation
to explore cause and effect; manipulate variables to discover their effects
76
Independent variable
manipulated variable
77
Dependent variable
variable being measured; variable that is changed by the independent variable
78
Experiment group
the group receiving the treatment
79
Control group
the group that has no treatment
80
Random assignment
participants assigned to random groups
81
Double-blind procedure
neither participants nor research staff know the condition
82
Placebo
effect caused by expectations
83
Confounding variable
some other variable that the researchers aren't aware of that affected the result of the experiment
84
Validity
the extent to which an experiment tests/measures what it is suppose to test

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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