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AP Psychology - Self > Class 1 - history, methods, psychology, stats, ethics, neuron > Flashcards

Class 1 - history, methods, psychology, stats, ethics, neuron Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology :

A

the study of mental processes and behavior as well as their interactions with the brain.

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2
Q

Plato’s and Socrates’s ideas

A

mind is separated form the body; knowledge is born within

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3
Q

Aristotle’s and Locke”s ideas

A

knowledge grows from experience; mind is at a blank slate at birth

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4
Q

Empiricism

A

knowledge comes from experience

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5
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1st experimental psychology lab

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6
Q

John B. Watson

A

study on “Little Albert”; studied behaviorism

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7
Q

Structuralism

A

use introspection to reveal structure of the human mind

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8
Q

Introspection

A

looking inward to observe one’s own psychological processes

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9
Q

Functionalism

A

explore how mental and behavioral processes function

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10
Q

William James

A

promoted functionalism, wrote Principles of Psychology

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

psychology as objective science without reference to mental processes; observable behavior; how our environment effect our behavior

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

behaviorism; discovery of classical conditioning (dog experiment)

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13
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

behaviorism; how consequences shape behavior

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14
Q

Freudian Psychoanalysis

A

emphasized how unconscious mind and childhood affect behavior

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15
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

emphasized human growth potential; believe humans are born good

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16
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistic psychology

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17
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanistic psychology

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18
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

psychoanalysis

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19
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

study of mental processes, perception, learning, memory, problem solving, thinking, emotions

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20
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

study of the evolution of behavior

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21
Q

Socioculture Psychology

A

how our culture effect us; how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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22
Q

Biological Psychology

A

nervous system, hormones, genetics

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23
Q

SQ3R

A

survey, questions, read, retrieve, review

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24
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

an experiment with a group of people, some have power (guards) some does not (prisoners)

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25
Q

APA Ethics Code

A
  1. Informed consent
  2. Protection
  3. Confidentiality
  4. Debriefing
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26
Q

Normal Distribution

A

bell-shaped

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27
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

leaning to one side

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28
Q

Central Tendency measurements

A
  1. mean
  2. median
  3. mode
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29
Q

Mean

A

the arithmetic average

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30
Q

Median

A

the midpoint

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31
Q

Mode

A

the most frequent number in a distribution

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32
Q

Measures of Variation

A
  1. Standard deviation

2. Range

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33
Q

Standard deviation

A

a computer measure of how much scores vary around the mean

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34
Q

Statistical Significance

A

indicate how likely that a result occurred by chance

35
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell

36
Q

Neuron parts

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Cell body (Soma)
  3. Axon
  4. Myelin Sheath
  5. Synapse
37
Q

Neural Impulse / Action Potential

A

a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

38
Q

Threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

39
Q

All-or-None Response

A

a neuron’s reaction to either firing or not firing

40
Q

Refractory period

A

a brief resting pause after a neuron has fired

41
Q

Synapse

A

junction between the axon tip of one neuron and the dendrite/body of another neuron

42
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

43
Q

Reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

44
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

45
Q

Dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotions

46
Q

Serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

47
Q

Norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal

48
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

49
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

50
Q

Endorphins

A

influence the perception of pain or pleasure

51
Q

Agonist

A

molecule that increases/replicates a neurotransmitter’s action

52
Q

Antagonist

A

molecule that inhibit/blocks a neurotransmitter’s action

53
Q

Roadblock of critical thinking

A
  1. hindsight bias
  2. overconfidence
  3. perceiving patterns in random events
54
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after the outcome, that one would have foreseen it
ex. “Out of sight, out of mind” vs. “Absence makes the heart grow fonder.”

55
Q

Overconfidence

A

overconfident about something; thinking that you are better than you actually are
ex. random facts

56
Q

Perceiving patterns in random events

A

think that there are actually a pattern when there isn’t one

ex. rain dance, superstition

57
Q

Scientific attitude

A
  1. Curiosity
  2. Skepticism
  3. Humility
58
Q

Theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behavior or events

59
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

60
Q

Operation definition

A

a carefully-worded statement of the exact procedures used in research

61
Q

Replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study to see whether findings can be reproduced

62
Q

Basic types of methods

A
  1. Description
  2. Correlation
  3. Experiment
63
Q

Descriptive methods

A

to observe and record behavior; does not manipulate anything

  1. case study
  2. naturalistic observation
  3. survey
64
Q

Case study

A

study one individual/group in depth

65
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally-occurring situations

66
Q

Survey

A

obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative random sample of the group

67
Q

Wording effect

A

different ways that people word a sentence might get a different outcome

68
Q

Sampling bias

A

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

69
Q

Random sample

A

each member has an equal chance of inclusion (fairly represents a population)

70
Q

Correlation

A

to detect/assess relationships between/among variables; associate different factors or variables

71
Q

Variables

A

anything that can vary

72
Q

Scatterplot

A

a graphed cluster of dots

73
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

measure how strong a relationship is between two variables

-1 ——— 0 ——- +1

74
Q

Illusory correlation

A

perceiving a relationship where none exists

75
Q

Experimentation

A

to explore cause and effect; manipulate variables to discover their effects

76
Q

Independent variable

A

manipulated variable

77
Q

Dependent variable

A

variable being measured; variable that is changed by the independent variable

78
Q

Experiment group

A

the group receiving the treatment

79
Q

Control group

A

the group that has no treatment

80
Q

Random assignment

A

participants assigned to random groups

81
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

neither participants nor research staff know the condition

82
Q

Placebo

A

effect caused by expectations

83
Q

Confounding variable

A

some other variable that the researchers aren’t aware of that affected the result of the experiment

84
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which an experiment tests/measures what it is suppose to test

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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