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AP Psychology - Self > Class 3 - Sensation and Perception, Hearing, Vision, other senses > Flashcards

Class 3 - Sensation and Perception, Hearing, Vision, other senses Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

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3
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

face blindness (cannot recognize faces)

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4
Q

Phonagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar voice

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5
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

from body (sensory receptors) to mind (brain’s sensory integration)

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6
Q

Top-down processing

A

from mind to body; processing that is guided by higher-level mental processes

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7
Q

Selective attention

A

focusing our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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8
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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9
Q

Change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in environment

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10
Q

Psychophysics

A

studies relationship between characteristics of stimuli and experience of them

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11
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another; stimulus energies (light, sounds, smells) into neural impulses our brain can interpret

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12
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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13
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time; just noticeable difference (jnd)

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14
Q

Signal detection theory

A

predicting how and when we detect a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise); assumes that there is no single absolute threshold

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15
Q

Subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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16
Q

Priming

A

activation (often unconscious) of associations

ex. thing that comes to mind when you heard a word

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17
Q

Weber’s Law

A

to perceive difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant min % (not amount)

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18
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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19
Q

Perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another; perceive something in a different way base on what you have been surrounded by
ex. “meteorologies” vs “meaty urologist”

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20
Q

schemas

A

form through experiences that interpret unfamiliar info

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21
Q

Effect of context of perception

A

brightness contrast, effected by its own brightness as well as its surrounding’s

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22
Q

Effect of Motivation on Perception

A

desirable objects seem closer than they are

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23
Q

Effect of Emotion on Perception

A

emotions effecting our perceptions

ex. hearing sad music –> mourning vs morning / pain vs pane

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24
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

can perception occur apart from sensory input? (controversial )
ex. telepathy (mind communication), precognition (future), clairvoyance (remote events)

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25
Parapsychology
studies paranormal phenomena (ESP, psychokinesis)
26
Wavelength of light
hue; the dimension of color
27
Amplitude of wave
height of wave; intensity (amount of energy, influences brightness or loudness)
28
Cornea
the eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering pupil and iris
29
Pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enter
30
Iris
a ring of muscle that forms the eye's colored portion and controls the size of pupil opening
31
Lens
transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on retina
32
Retina
light-sensitive inner surface of the eye; has receptors (rods, cones) and layers of neurons
33
Accommodation
process by which eye's lens change shape to focus near/far objects on retina
34
Eye-Brain pathway
retina --> optic nerve --> thalamus --> visual cortex (occipital lobe)
35
Rods
retinal receptors for peripheral and twilight vision; detect black, white, gray, movement
36
Cones
retinal receptors near retina's center for well-lit conditions; detect details and color
37
Optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses form the eye to the brain
38
Blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye (no receptor cells there)
39
Fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
40
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
retina has 3 types of color receptors, which produce color perception when stimulated in combination
41
Opponent-process theory
opposing retinal processes enable color vision | ex. some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red
42
Feature detectors
visual-cortex cells react to certain features
43
Parallel processing
processing many aspects simultaneously
44
Gestalt
an organized whole
45
Gestalt psychologists
emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
46
Figure-Ground
visual organization fo objects vs their surrondings
47
Grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
48
Proximity
we group nearby figures together
49
Continuity
we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
50
Closure
we fill in gaps to create complete, whole projects
51
Depth perception
ability to see things in 3D through 2D images; allows us to judge distance
52
Visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals; a cliff stimulated with the use of glass
53
Binocular cue
a depth cue that depends on the use of two eye
54
Retinal disparity
a binocular cue for depth perception by comparing retinal images form 2 eyes
55
Monocular cue
a depth cue that is available to either eye alone
56
Examples of monocular cue
1. relative height (height of objects) 2. relative size (size of objects) 3. interposition (objects blocking) 3. relative motion (motion of objects) 4. linear perspective (lines meeting in distance) 5. light and shadow (shading produces depth)
57
Motion perception
assume shrinking objects are retreating and enlarging objects are approaching
58
Phi phenomenon
illusion of movement when adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
59
Perceptual constancy
perceive X as unchanging even if illumination and retinal images change; constancies in color, brightness, shape, and size
60
Perceptual adaptation
adjust to changed sensory input
61
Audition
the sense or act of hearing
62
Frequency of sound waves
number of wavelengths in a given time; creates different pitch
63
Amplitude of sound waves
height of wave; loudness (measured in decibels)
64
Ear-Brain pathway
outer ear --> eardrum --> middle ear (hammer/melleus, anvil/incus, stirrup/stapes) --> inner ear --> cochlea --> auditory nerve --> thalamus --> auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
65
Middle ear
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea; three bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) concentrate eardrum vibrations on oval window
66
Inner ear
innermost part of ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs
67
Cochlea
a coiled , bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses; oval window --> basilar membrane --> hair cells (electrical signals)
68
Hearing loss
prolong exposure above 85 decibels
69
Sensorineural hearing loss
nerve deafness; hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
70
Conduction hearing loss
caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
71
Cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
72
Perceiving loudness
from the number of activated hair cells
73
Perceiving pitch
combine Place theory and Frequency theory
74
Place theory
pitch of sound links with the place where it cochlea's (basilar) membrane is stimulated
75
Frequency theory
temporal theory; the rate of nerve impulses raveling up the auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
76
Perceiving location
use two ears
77
Touch
mix of 4 skin senses : pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
78
Pain : biological influences
spinal cord's fibers, endorphin, brain interpretation; nociceptors detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals
79
Gate-control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain
80
Pain : psychological influences
attention/focus, learning/experiences, expectations
81
Memory of pain tend to record...
1. pain's peak moment | 2. pain feeling at the end
82
Pain : social-cultural influences
presence of others, empathy for pain, cultural expectations
83
Controlling pain
massage, exercise, relaxation, acupuncture, placebo, distraction, virtual reality
84
Different taste
1. sweet 2. sour 3. salty 4. bitter 5. umami
85
Anosmia
inability to smell
86
Pheromones
behavior altering agents
87
Kinesthesia
movement sense; system for sensing position and movement of body parts
88
Vestibular sense
our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
89
Sensory interaction
one sense may influence another | ex. smell influence taste
90
Embodied cognition
influence of bodily sensations/gestures/states on preferences and judgements
91
Synesthesia
simulation of one sense triggers an experience of another
92
Taste
Gustation
93
Smell
Olfaction

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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