Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology - Self > Class 4 - Learning > Flashcards

Class 4 - Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

process of acquiring through experience new and enduring information or behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cognitive learning

A

acquisition of mental information, whether by observation or through language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behaviorism

A

studies behavior without reference to mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of learnings

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant condition
  3. cognitive learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unconditioned response

A

response to the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unconditional stimulus

A

the already “learned” stimulus that should stimulate conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conditioned response

A

response to the conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

the “learned” stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Result of classical conditioning

A

a stimulus turned from neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus with the help of the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Higher-Order conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Extinction

A

diminishing of conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus does not follow conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished (weakened) conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Generalization

A

the tendency for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus that do not signal unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Law of effect

A

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Skinner box

A

contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the rate of bar pressing or key pecking

24
Q

Reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

25
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior

26
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus associated with reinforcement that elicits a response

27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

increase behavior by presenting positive reinforcers

28
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

increasing behavior by reducing aversive stimulus

29
Q

Positive punishment

A

decreasing behavior by adding negative consequences

30
Q

Negative punishment

A

decreasing behavior by removing the negative consequences

31
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus; one that satisfies a biological need

32
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce

33
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

give reinforcement for a certain amount of times that the act was performed (number)

34
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

give reinforcement randomly when the act was performed (number)

35
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

give reinforcement for a period of time that the act was performed (time)

36
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

give reinforcement for a random period of time that the act was performed (time)

37
Q

Biological constraints on conditioning

A

a biological limit on conditioning

38
Q

Cognition’s influence on conditioning

A

associate an object with another

39
Q

Instinctive drift

A

learned behavior tend to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

40
Q

Instinctive drift

A

learned behavior tend to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

41
Q

Cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

42
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

43
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

44
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

45
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment

46
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly

47
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding stressor

48
Q

Personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

49
Q

Learned helplessness

A

passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

50
Q

External locus of control

A

perception that fate is determined by things beyond personal control

51
Q

Internal locus of control

A

perception that we control our own fate

52
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by observing others; aka social learning

53
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

54
Q

Mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so

55
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

56
Q

Influences on Learning

A
  1. Biological influences (gene, unconditioned responses)
  2. Psychological influences (previous experiences, discrimination, generalization)
  3. Social-cultural influences (culturally learned preferences)

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions