Class 4 - Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring through experience new and enduring information or behaviors

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

learning that certain events occur together

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 5

Cognitive learning

Answer 5

acquisition of mental information, whether by observation or through language

Question 6

Behaviorism

Answer 6

studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 7

Types of learnings

Answer 7

1. classical conditioning
2. operant condition
3. cognitive learning

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli

Question 9

Neutral stimulus

Answer 9

a stimulus that elicits no response before classical conditioning

Question 10

Unconditioned response

Answer 10

response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Unconditional stimulus

Answer 11

the already “learned” stimulus that should stimulate conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Conditioned response

Answer 12

response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 13

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

the “learned” stimulus

Question 14

Result of classical conditioning

Answer 14

a stimulus turned from neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus with the help of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

Acquisition

Answer 15

the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

Question 16

Higher-Order conditioning

Answer 16

conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

diminishing of conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus does not follow conditioned stimulus

Question 18

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished (weakened) conditioned response

Question 19

Generalization

Answer 19

the tendency for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

the learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus that do not signal unconditioned stimulus

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

Question 22

Law of effect

Answer 22

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 23

Skinner box

Answer 23

contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Question 24

Reinforcement

Answer 24

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 26

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 26

a stimulus associated with reinforcement that elicits a response

Question 27

Positive reinforcement

Answer 27

increase behavior by presenting positive reinforcers

Question 28

Negative reinforcement

Answer 28

increasing behavior by reducing aversive stimulus

Question 29

Positive punishment

Answer 29

decreasing behavior by adding negative consequences

Question 30

Negative punishment

Answer 30

decreasing behavior by removing the negative consequences

Question 31

Primary reinforcer

Answer 31

an innately reinforcing stimulus; one that satisfies a biological need

Question 32

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 32

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce

Question 33

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 33

give reinforcement for a certain amount of times that the act was performed (number)

Question 34

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 34

give reinforcement randomly when the act was performed (number)

Question 35

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 35

give reinforcement for a period of time that the act was performed (time)

Question 36

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 36

give reinforcement for a random period of time that the act was performed (time)

Question 37

Biological constraints on conditioning

Answer 37

a biological limit on conditioning

Question 38

Cognition's influence on conditioning

Answer 38

associate an object with another

Question 39

Instinctive drift

Answer 39

learned behavior tend to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

Question 40

Instinctive drift

Answer 40

learned behavior tend to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

Question 41

Cognitive map

Answer 41

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Question 42

Latent learning

Answer 42

learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 43

Insight

Answer 43

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

Question 44

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 44

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 45

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 45

desire to perform behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment

Question 46

Problem-focused coping

Answer 46

attempting to alleviate stress directly

Question 47

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 47

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding stressor

Question 48

Personal control

Answer 48

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Question 49

Learned helplessness

Answer 49

passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 50

External locus of control

Answer 50

perception that fate is determined by things beyond personal control

Question 51

Internal locus of control

Answer 51

perception that we control our own fate

Question 52

Observational learning

Answer 52

learning by observing others; aka social learning

Question 53

Modeling

Answer 53

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 54

Mirror neurons

Answer 54

frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so

Question 55

Prosocial behavior

Answer 55

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Question 56

Influences on Learning

Answer 56

1. Biological influences (gene, unconditioned responses) 2. Psychological influences (previous experiences, discrimination, generalization) 3. Social-cultural influences (culturally learned preferences)