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AP Psychology - Self > Class 5 - Memory, Cognition > Flashcards

Class 5 - Memory, Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

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2
Q

Recal

A

retrieve info learned earlier; fill-in-the blank test

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3
Q

Recognition

A

identify items previously learned; multiple choice test

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4
Q

Relearning

A

assess amount of time saved when learning materials again

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5
Q

Encoding

A

the process of getting information into the memory system

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6
Q

Storage

A

the process of retaining encoded information over time

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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8
Q

Parallel processing

A

processing many aspects simultaneously

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9
Q

Sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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10
Q

STM (short term memory)

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored/forgotten

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11
Q

LTM (long term memory)

A

relatively permanent and limitless memory storehouse

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12
Q

Working memory

A

a newer understanding of STM that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from LTM

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13
Q

Explicit memory

A

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know

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14
Q

Implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills/associations independent of conscious recollection

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15
Q

Effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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16
Q

Automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental and well learned info

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17
Q

Procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory; knowing how to do things

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18
Q

Iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

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19
Q

Echoic memory

A

momentary sensory of auditory stimuli

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20
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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21
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational device

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22
Q

Spacing effect

A

tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention

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23
Q

Testing effect

A

enhance memory after retieving

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24
Q

Shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

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25
Q

Deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on meanings; tends to yield the best retention

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26
Q

Semantic memory

A

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

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27
Q

Episodic memory

A

explicit memory of personally experienced events

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28
Q

Hippocampus

A

helps process explicit memories for storage

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29
Q

Memory condolidation

A

the neural storage of a long term memory

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30
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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31
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

32
Q

Priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

33
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

34
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s current mood

35
Q

Serial position effect

A

the tendency to recall the last and first items in a list

36
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

37
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrieve information from one’s past

38
Q

Proactive interference

A

the older learned information is interfering in learning of new information

39
Q

Retroactive interference

A

the new information is learned and old information is forgotten

40
Q

Repression

A

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

41
Q

Reconsolidation

A

process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

42
Q

Misinformation effect

A

occurs when misleading info has distorted one’s memory of an event

43
Q

Source amnesia

A

faulty memory of how, when, or where info was learned or imagined

44
Q

Cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

45
Q

Concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

46
Q

Prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category

47
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

48
Q

Convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single bast solution

49
Q

Divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

50
Q

Algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

51
Q

Heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

52
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; constrats with strategy-based solutions

53
Q

Confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

54
Q

Functional fixedness

A

a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object traditionally used

55
Q

Fixation

A

inability to see problem form new perspective

56
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

57
Q

Intuition

A

effortless, automatic feeling/thought

58
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

59
Q

Availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

60
Q

Overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct

61
Q

Belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

62
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can affect decisions and judgements

63
Q

Language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words the way we combine them to communicate meaning

64
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest distinctive sound unit; usually have no meaning

65
Q

Morpheme

A

the smallest distinctive sound unit that carries meaning

66
Q

Grammar

A

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

67
Q

Semantics

A

language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

68
Q

Syntax

A

set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

69
Q

Babbling stage

A

spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

70
Q

One-word stage

A

the stage in speech development when a child speaks mostly in single words

71
Q

Two-word stage

A

when a child speaks mostly in two word statements

72
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

child speaks like a telegraph (“go car”) using mostly nouns and verbs

73
Q

Aphasia

A

impairment of language

74
Q

Broca’s area

A

control language expression by directing muscle movements involved in speech; in left frontal lobe

75
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

a brain are involved in language comprehension and expression; in left temporal lobe

76
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

the strong idea that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

77
Q

Linguistic influence

A

weaker form of the idea that language affects thought

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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