Class 5

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

An inferred process within a person or animal that
causes movement either toward a goal or away from an
unpleasant situation

Question 2

Theories of motivation

Answer 2

An over-arching explanation for why

people do the things that they do

Question 3

Motives can be

Answer 3

Biological, emotional, cognitive and sociocultural

Question 4

Instincts

Answer 4

Automatic, involuntary,
and unlearned behavior
patterns triggered by particular
stimuli

Question 5

Fixed action plan

Answer 5

An instinctual
behavioural sequence that’s relatively
invariant within the species

Question 6

Releaser

Answer 6

is the triggering stimulus –

what cues the fixed action pattern

Question 7

Fixed action plan example

Answer 7

Mother turkey will respond to the cheep cheep of a baby or a predator

Question 8

Humans operate on

Answer 8

Dives instead of fixed action plans

Question 9

Drives

Answer 9

A biological trigger that 
tells us we may be deprived of 
something and causes us to seek 
out what is needed, such as food 
or water

Question 10

Primary drives

Answer 10

are innate like thirst, hunger, and sex

Question 11

Secondary drives

Answer 11

are needs that have been conditioned to have

meaning like money

Question 12

Behaviors that satisfy multiple drives

Answer 12

are learned more quickly
than those which satisfy only a
single drive

Question 13

Incentives

Answer 13

are the stimuli we
seek that can satisfy drives such
as food, water, social approval,
companionship, and other needs

Question 14

Drive reduction theory

Answer 14

We feel unpleasant tension
when we stray from homeostasis
and become motivated to restore it

Question 15

1950’s motivation

Answer 15

Focused of biological drives. We now know there is more than this

Question 16

Arousal theory

Answer 16

Humans are motivated to engage
in behaviors that either increase
or decrease arousal levels

Question 17

High arousal levels motivate

Answer 17

engagement in behaviours that

will lower these levels

Question 18

Low arousal levels motivate

Answer 18

activities that can increase
arousal—often through curiosity
(e.g., exploring the unfamiliar)

Question 19

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 19

Performance increases with arousal to a point, beyond which performance decreases. Represented by a bell shaped curve

Question 20

Yerkes Dodson for simple tasks

Answer 20

Performance improves as arousal increases

Question 21

Yerkes Dodson for complex tasks

Answer 21

The relationship between arousal and performance reverses after a point, and the performance declines as arousal increases

Question 22

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 22

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self actualization

Question 23

Abraham Maslow

Answer 23

Believed that individuals possess a constant growing inner drive that has great potential

Question 24

Self determination theory

Answer 24

People have 3 primary motives

Question 25

3 motives of self determination theory

Answer 25

Autonomy Relatedness Competence

Question 26

Autonomy

Answer 26

To cause outcomes in your own life. Act consistently with your self-concept

Question 27

Relatedness

Answer 27

To feel connected with others who are important to you. Care for others and experience caring

Question 28

Competence

Answer 28

To feel mastery over your life. To perform tasks at a satisfying level

Question 29

Distinction in the self determination theory

Answer 29

Extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation

Question 30

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

A person tends to do a task mainly because doing so will yield some kind of reward of benefit upon completion

Question 31

Performance motivation

Answer 31

The same as extrinsic

Question 32

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 32

Doing something purely because of enjoyment and fun. Hobbies

Question 33

Mastery motivation

Answer 33

The same as intrinsic

Question 34

Over justification effect

Answer 34

The addition of external motivation can undermine internal motivation

Question 35

Self efficacy

Answer 35

Confidence that one can plan and execute a course of action. Self fulfilling prophecies

Question 36

Applications of self determination theory

Answer 36

Over justification effect and self efficacy

Question 37

Approach and avoidance goals

Answer 37

Some people are more motivated by gaining or approaching good outcomes and other people are more motivated by avoiding bad ones

Question 38

Approach goals

Answer 38

Are enjoyable and pleasant incentives we are drawn toward. Such as praise or financial award

Question 39

Avoidance goals

Answer 39

Unpleasant outcomes such as shame, embarrassment or emotional pain, which we try to avoid

Question 40

Approach-approach conflicts

Answer 40

Conflicts occur when you are equally attracted to two or more possible goals

Question 41

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

Answer 41

Conflicts that require you to choose the lesser of two evils

Question 42

Approach-avoidance conflicts

Answer 42

Conflicts that occur when a single activity or goal has both a positive and negative aspect

Question 43

Hunger

Answer 43

The need to consume enough nutrients so that you have enough energy to function

Question 44

Brain parts in eating

Answer 44

Ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus

Question 45

Ventromedial hypothalmus

Answer 45

Stimulation reduces eating, destruction causes over eating. The off switch

Question 46

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 46

Stimulation increases eating, destruction leads to starvation. The on switch

Question 47

The biology of weight

Answer 47

research does not support the idea that people who are overweight are emotionally disturbed

Question 48

Body weight and genes

Answer 48

They play a big role in weight

Question 49

Set point

Answer 49

Genetically influenced weight range for an individual. Varies 10% of body weight either way.

Question 50

Basal metabolism rate

Answer 50

Regulates set point. The rate at which the body burns calories for energy

Question 51

Varied body weight and metabolism

Answer 51

``` When your body falls below your “set point” weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight (and vice versa) ```

Question 52

Obesity genes

Answer 52

Mutations in the ob gene may cause obesity.

Question 53

OB gene

Answer 53

Causes fat cells to not secrete the protein leptin which tells our bodies we are full. Therefore leading to over eating

Question 54

Why do we like certain foods

Answer 54

We have special receptors for fatty foods, granulated sugar triggers dopamine

Question 55

Obesity in Canada

Answer 55

Increases over the years and is not fully accounted for by genes.

Question 56

Obesity in Canada stats

Answer 56

26% of women and 35% of men

Question 57

Genes and body chemicals that play a role in eating

Answer 57

* Receptors in nose and mouth that urge us to eat * Receptors in gut that urge us to stop eating * Hormone ghrelin makes you hungry * Leptin turns off appetite * Sugar activates pleasure-inducing dopamine pathway