Chpt 5 Conflict Analysis Flashcards
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QUESTION
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OPTION 1
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Q
- What does the Onion/Doughnut method of conflict analysis represent? (a) Different strategies for mediation (b) Layers of conflict interspersed with needs, interests, and positions (c) The evolution of conflict over time (d) Solutions to conflict resolution
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Answer: b) Layers of conflict interspersed with needs, interests, and positions
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- According to the Onion/Doughnut analysis, what is the outermost layer of a conflict? (a) The needs of the parties involved (b) The public perception of the conflict (c) The position taken by the disputants (d) The root cause of the conflict
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Answer: c) The position taken by the disputants
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- What is the primary function of the ABC Triangle in conflict analysis? (a) To map the attitudes of the parties involved (b) To analyze the context, behavior, and attitudes of the parties (c) To identify the positions of each party (d) To propose resolutions for the conflict
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Answer: b) To analyze the context, behavior, and attitudes of the parties
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- In conflict analysis, which of the following is not part of the ABC Triangle model? (a) Context (b) Behavior (c) Needs (d) Attitudes
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Answer: c) Needs
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- According to Galtung, what are the three causes of conflict? (a) Environment, economics, and culture (b) Context, attitudes, and behavior (c) Power, fear, and resource scarcity (d) Position, interest, and needs
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Answer: b) Context, attitudes, and behavior
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- What is the primary purpose of the Mapping Method in conflict analysis? (a) To assess the emotions of the conflicting parties (b) To understand the relationship levels between parties (c) To propose solutions for peace (d) To define the cultural context of the conflict
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Answer: b) To understand the relationship levels between parties
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- In the Mapping Method, what does a double line represent? (a) Informal relationships (b) A broken relationship (c) A strong alliance or friendship (d) A neutral relationship
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Answer: c) A strong alliance or friendship
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- What is indicated by a zig-zag line in the Mapping Method? (a) Formal relationship (b) A conflict or discord (c) A peaceful negotiation (d) Informal relationship
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Answer: b) A conflict or discord
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- Which of the following best describes the “roots” of a conflict in the Conflict Tree Method? (a) The immediate reactions of the parties (b) The physical manifestation of the conflict (c) The underlying causes or reasons that sustain the conflict (d) The cultural factors influencing the conflict
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Answer: c) The underlying causes or reasons that sustain the conflict
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- What does the “stem” of a conflict represent in the Conflict Tree Method? (a) The root causes of the conflict (b) The external influences on the conflict (c) The visible manifestations or outcomes of the conflict (d) The historical context of the conflict
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Answer: c) The visible manifestations or outcomes of the conflict
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- What part of the Conflict Tree Method is considered the most deceptive in resolving conflicts? (a) The roots (b) The stem (c) The leaves (d) The trunk
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Answer: c) The leaves
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- Which of the following is a key feature of the Conflict Tree Method? (a) It helps identify the external agents behind the conflict (b) It focuses on the attitudes of the conflicting parties (c) It analyzes the physical conditions of the conflict (d) It sees the conflict as a tree with roots, stem, and leaves
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Answer: d) It sees the conflict as a tree with roots, stem, and leaves
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- According to the Onion/Doughnut analysis, which of the following is the innermost layer of a conflict? (a) The position (b) The interests (c) The needs (d) The behavior
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Answer: c) The needs
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- What is the result of a conflict that is not adequately addressed, according to the text? (a) The escalation of the conflict (b) The formation of alliances (c) The reduction of tensions (d) The resolution of underlying issues
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Answer: a) The escalation of the conflict
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- In conflict analysis, what is the significance of identifying the “needs” of the parties involved? (a) To understand their external relationships (b) To reveal their emotional responses (c) To address the core issues causing the conflict (d) To map out the positions of the parties
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Answer: c) To address the core issues causing the conflict
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- The Mapping Method in conflict analysis helps the intervener understand: (a) The emotional responses of each party (b) The various levels of relationship between all parties (c) The historical development of the conflict (d) The cultural background of the parties involved
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Answer: b) The various levels of relationship between all parties
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- What is a significant outcome of using the Conflict Tree Method? (a) It helps parties understand their positions (b) It identifies the visible and hidden causes of conflict (c) It categorizes the external influences on the conflict (d) It emphasizes cultural differences
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Answer: b) It identifies the visible and hidden causes of conflict
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- According to the text, conflicts often escalate due to: (a) Misunderstandings about positions (b) Internalized attitudes and behaviors (c) A lack of external intervention (d) Economic factors
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Answer: b) Internalized attitudes and behaviors
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- Which of the following is true about the relationship between the root causes and the visible outcomes of conflict? (a) The root causes are less important than the visible outcomes (b) The visible outcomes are manifestations of the underlying causes (c) The root causes are unrelated to the outcomes (d) The outcomes are only temporary and do not affect the root causes
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Answer: b) The visible outcomes are manifestations of the underlying causes
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- What does the size of a circle in the Mapping Method represent? (a) The strength of a party’s argument (b) The relative power of a party in the conflict (c) The number of external actors involved (d) The emotional involvement of the parties
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Answer: b) The relative power of a party in the conflict
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- The “attitudes” component of the ABC Triangle refers to: (a) The public perception of the conflict (b) The visible reactions of the parties involved (c) The internalized feelings and beliefs about the situation (d) The immediate actions taken by the parties
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Answer: c) The internalized feelings and beliefs about the situation
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- According to the text, which of the following is a primary cause of conflict? (a) Inadequate social systems (b) Unresolved historical grievances (c) Context, attitudes, and behavior (d) Religious differences
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Answer: c) Context, attitudes, and behavior
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- What is the goal of using the Mapping Method in conflict resolution? (a) To mediate the conflict through a neutral party (b) To map the roots of the conflict (c) To understand the strength of relationships between parties (d) To identify external threats to peace
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Answer: c) To understand the strength of relationships between parties
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24. In conflict analysis, the term "shadow" refers to: (a) The external parties that influence the conflict (b) The internal conflicts within a party (c) The surface-level issues that distract from the real conflict (d) The public perception of the conflict
Answer: a) The external parties that influence the conflict
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25. Which of the following is a characteristic of conflicts that resemble the onion or doughnut analogy? (a) They are simple and easy to resolve (b) They have many layers that require careful investigation (c) They are rooted in individual emotional responses (d) They involve only visible, external conflicts
Answer: b) They have many layers that require careful investigation
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26. What does a broken relationship in the Mapping Method indicate? (a) A strong alliance (b) A neutral position (c) A failure in communication or trust (d) An informal relationship
Answer: c) A failure in communication or trust
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27. According to the text, conflict resolution often involves: (a) Addressing only the visible symptoms of conflict (b) Ignoring the attitudes of the parties involved (c) Understanding the deep-rooted causes of the conflict (d) Changing the external environment
Answer: c) Understanding the deep-rooted causes of the conflict
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28. The Conflict Tree Method helps to: (a) Identify immediate solutions to conflicts (b) Separate conflicts into categories (c) Reveal the deeper, often hidden causes of a conflict (d) Map the physical layout of the conflict area
Answer: c) Reveal the deeper, often hidden causes of a conflict
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29. Which of the following is an example of a context that could lead to conflict escalation? (a) A neutral third party intervening (b) Unresolved political or social issues (c) Clear communication between parties (d) A shared interest among conflicting groups
Answer: b) Unresolved political or social issues
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30. In the Onion/Doughnut analysis, how can conflicts be resolved? (a) By addressing only the positions of the parties involved (b) By examining the layers of needs, interests, and positions carefully (c) By focusing on public perception (d) By escalating the conflict to higher authorities
Answer: b) By examining the layers of needs, interests, and positions carefully
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1. What is the main purpose of the Conflict Tree Method? (a) To focus on the visible outcomes of a conflict, (b) To uncover the hidden causes of conflict, (c) To provide a visual representation of conflicting parties' positions, (d) To predict the resolution of conflicts
Answer: b) To uncover the hidden causes of conflict
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2. In the Conflict Tree method, which part of the tree represents the root causes of a conflict? (a) The leaves, (b) The stem, (c) The roots, (d) The branches
Answer: c) The roots
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3. According to the Conflict Tree Method, which part of the tree represents the visible manifestations of a conflict? (a) The roots, (b) The leaves, (c) The branches, (d) The trunk
Answer: b) The leaves
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4. What is deceptive about the leaves in the Conflict Tree analysis? (a) They represent the real causes of conflict, (b) They are often the visible results of deeper issues, (c) They are the most difficult part to understand, (d) They are the root causes of the conflict
Answer: b) They are often the visible results of deeper issues
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5. Which method is used to analyze the underlying causes of conflicts by separating them into visible and hidden parts? (a) The Pyramid Method, (b) The Onion Doughnut Method, (c) The ABC Triangle Method, (d) The Conflict Tree Method
Answer: a) The Pyramid Method
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6. What does the sea represent in the Pyramid Method? (a) The surface-level conflict, (b) The needs and fears of the parties involved, (c) The hidden factors beneath the conflict, (d) The outcomes of the conflict
Answer: c) The hidden factors beneath the conflict
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7. In the Pyramid Method, what does the height of the pyramid represent? (a) The intensity of the conflict, (b) The visible positions and manifestoes of the conflicting parties, (c) The underlying causes of the conflict, (d) The support structures in conflict management
Answer: b) The visible positions and manifestoes of the conflicting parties
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8. What do the positions of the parties in the Pyramid Method primarily reflect? (a) Their public image, (b) Their interests and needs, (c) Their personal fears, (d) Their commitment to resolving the conflict
Answer: b) Their interests and needs
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9. Which conflict analysis method uses a graphic tool to map the layers of needs, interests, and positions? (a) The Onion Doughnut Method, (b) The Conflict Tree Method, (c) The Pyramid Method, (d) The ABC Triangle
Answer: a) The Onion Doughnut Method
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10. The ABC Triangle method analyzes which of the following elements in conflict? (a) Attitudes, behavior, and context, (b) Positions, manifestoes, and interests, (c) Strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities, (d) Needs, fears, and social identity
Answer: a) Attitudes, behavior, and context
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11. According to the text, the primary aim of conflict analysis is to: (a) Identify the conflict's visible outcomes, (b) Provide technical inputs for conflict resolution, (c) Determine the power dynamics between parties, (d) Formulate conflict escalation strategies
Answer: b) Provide technical inputs for conflict resolution
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12. What is the role of human needs in conflict situations, as mentioned in the text? (a) They are often the visible issues in conflict, (b) They are a significant root cause of conflict escalation, (c) They are easily identified by the conflicting parties, (d) They are irrelevant to the conflict resolution process
Answer: b) They are a significant root cause of conflict escalation
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13. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method of conflict resolution in the text? (a) The Onion Doughnut Method, (b) The ABC Triangle Method, (c) The Conflict Tree Method, (d) The Negotiation Grid
Answer: d) The Negotiation Grid
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14. According to Best (2006), what is critical for conflict analysis? (a) Focusing on surface-level issues, (b) Investigating the hidden roots of the conflict, (c) Identifying the final resolution, (d) Emphasizing the visible outcomes of the conflict
Answer: b) Investigating the hidden roots of the conflict
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15. Which of the following methods is particularly useful for analyzing intra-group conflicts? (a) The Pyramid Method, (b) The Conflict Tree Method, (c) The Onion Doughnut Method, (d) The ABC Triangle Method
Answer: b) The Conflict Tree Method
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16. What is the main challenge when addressing conflicts with hidden causes, as per the text? (a) Misunderstanding the positions of the conflicting parties, (b) Overlooking the visible outcomes of the conflict, (c) Failing to recognize the underlying factors that sustain the conflict, (d) Ignoring the behavior of the conflicting parties
Answer: c) Failing to recognize the underlying factors that sustain the conflict
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17. Which of the following is an essential characteristic of the Pyramid Method? (a) It focuses only on surface-level conflicts, (b) It helps separate underlying causes from visible manifestations, (c) It analyzes the emotional reactions of the parties involved, (d) It only works in international conflicts
Answer: b) It helps separate underlying causes from visible manifestations
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18. Which aspect of the conflict does the Conflict Tree’s stem represent? (a) The root causes, (b) The outcome of the conflict, (c) The strong supportive factors sustaining the conflict, (d) The hidden emotions driving the conflict
Answer: c) The strong supportive factors sustaining the conflict
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19. The Pyramid Method illustrates that the conflict's root causes are often: (a) Clearly visible and easily understood, (b) Hidden beneath the surface, like the sea, (c) Not connected to the parties’ needs or fears, (d) Surface-level issues with no deeper causes
Answer: b) Hidden beneath the surface, like the sea
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20. Which conflict resolution method is used to separate the positions and interests of conflicting parties from their deeper needs and fears? (a) The Onion Doughnut Method, (b) The ABC Triangle Method, (c) The Pyramid Method, (d) The Conflict Tree Method
Answer: c) The Pyramid Method
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1. (What is the primary reason conflicts are often perceived negatively? a) They always lead to violence b) They are associated with negative processes c) They are never resolved successfully d) They involve third-party interventions)
Answer: b) They are associated with negative processes
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2. (What is the first step in effective conflict intervention? a) Conflict intervention b) Conflict resolution c) Conflict analysis d) Conflict transformation)
Answer: c) Conflict analysis
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3. (According to IDASA (2004), what does conflict analysis involve? a) Resolving conflicts immediately b) Examining the profile, causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict c) Identifying solutions for conflict resolution d) Avoiding the causes of conflict altogether)
Answer: b) Examining the profile, causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict
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4. (What does conflict analysis help third-party interveners accomplish? a) Avoid conflict situations b) Understand the nature, dynamics, and causes of a conflict c) Resolve conflicts without understanding their roots d) Promote assumptions about conflict parties)
Answer: b) Understand the nature, dynamics, and causes of a conflict
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5. (Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of peace practice? a) Conflict tracking b) Conflict analysis c) Conflict management d) Conflict suppression)
Answer: d) Conflict suppression
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6. (What is the ultimate goal of peace practice? a) To stop all forms of conflict permanently b) To ensure harmony between conflict parties c) To track conflict escalation d) To analyze the causes of all conflicts)
Answer: b) To ensure harmony between conflict parties
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7. (What does conflict tracking primarily involve? a) Managing post-conflict relations b) Collating and disseminating conflict-related information c) Creating new conflicts d) Avoiding conflict-prone areas)
Answer: b) Collating and disseminating conflict-related information
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8. (What is the purpose of intervention analysis in conflict analysis? a) To avoid conflict altogether b) To determine the impact and relevance of peace processes c) To escalate conflict dynamics d) To undermine reconciliation efforts)
Answer: b) To determine the impact and relevance of peace processes
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9. (What are structural causes of conflict? a) Events that immediately trigger conflict b) Deeply embedded societal factors contributing to conflict c) Misunderstandings between conflict parties d) Temporary disagreements)
Answer: b) Deeply embedded societal factors contributing to conflict
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10. (Which of the following is an example of a trigger in conflict analysis? a) Historical grievances b) Ethnic differences c) A specific event that escalates violence d) Economic inequality)
Answer: c) A specific event that escalates violence
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11. (What is the relationship between conflict issues and conflict causes? a) Issues are unrelated to the causes b) Issues often overlap with causes c) Causes are more important than issues d) Issues are unrelated to the root of the conflict)
Answer: b) Issues often overlap with causes
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12. (Which of these is a significant focus of actor analysis in conflict? a) Identifying conflict stages b) Understanding the individuals or groups involved in the conflict c) Determining the resources at stake d) Analyzing the triggers of conflict escalation)
Answer: b) Understanding the individuals or groups involved in the conflict
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13. (What is "issue proliferation" in conflict analysis? a) A resolution method b) Generation of new issues in prolonged conflicts c) A strategy for escalating conflicts d) An irrelevant aspect of conflict analysis)
Answer: b) Generation of new issues in prolonged conflicts
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14. (Why is post-conflict analysis important? a) To escalate unresolved conflicts b) To analyze lessons learned and monitor peacebuilding processes c) To prevent reconciliation between parties d) To create new intervention strategies)
Answer: b) To analyze lessons learned and monitor peacebuilding processes
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15. (What is the core assumption of conflict analysis? a) All conflicts are similar b) Conflict analysis has no direct implications for conflict management c) There are common theoretical ideas for understanding different conflicts d) Conflict analysis does not involve action-oriented activities)
Answer: c) There are common theoretical ideas for understanding different conflicts
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16. (What type of methodology is used in conflict intervention? a) Random processes b) Specific approaches tailored to the conflict c) Theoretical frameworks only d) Non-specific global models)
Answer: b) Specific approaches tailored to the conflict
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17. (How does conflict analysis contribute to peace practice? a) By avoiding direct intervention b) By fostering systematic understanding of conflicts c) By escalating conflicts d) By eliminating actors from conflicts)
Answer: b) By fostering systematic understanding of conflicts
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18. (What is the "Early Warning System" used for in conflict tracking? a) Ignoring early signs of conflict b) Proactively identifying potential conflict situations c) Suppressing information on conflict triggers d) Avoiding resolution efforts)
Answer: b) Proactively identifying potential conflict situations
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19. (Which component is NOT part of conflict analysis? a) Issue analysis b) Actor analysis c) Conflict escalation d) Context analysis)
Answer: c) Conflict escalation
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20. (What does “context analysis” in conflict focus on? a) Ignoring the background of the conflict b) Understanding the environment or background in which conflict occurs c) Escalating unresolved conflicts d) Avoiding historical analysis of conflict)
Answer: b) Understanding the environment or background in which conflict occurs
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21. (What is the importance of understanding conflict dynamics in conflict analysis? a) To escalate conflicts effectively b) To predict and manage conflict progression c) To eliminate all parties involved d) To prevent resolution efforts)
Answer: b) To predict and manage conflict progression
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22. (Which of the following best describes conflict intervention? a) Ignoring the roots of conflict b) A response mechanism to address conflict roots and restore harmony c) A passive observation of conflict situations d) Avoiding the involvement of conflict actors)
Answer: b) A response mechanism to address conflict roots and restore harmony
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23. (What does the concept of “peace practice” encompass? a) Only conflict resolution b) The entire spectrum of peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding c) Excluding non-violent conflict resolution d) Promoting assumptions about conflict parties)
Answer: b) The entire spectrum of peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding
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24. (What is the role of perceptions in conflict analysis? a) To ignore the behavior of conflict parties b) To analyze views and behaviors exhibited by the parties c) To escalate conflicts unnecessarily d) To undermine the interests of conflict parties)
Answer: b) To analyze views and behaviors exhibited by the parties
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25. (What does "pre-conflict analysis" involve? a) Analyzing conflict triggers after violence has begun b) Examining information to prevent and mitigate conflict before hostility c) Ignoring early warning signs of conflict d) Promoting violent responses to conflict triggers)
Answer: b) Examining information to prevent and mitigate conflict before hostility
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26. (Which of the following is a critical element of issue analysis? a) Ignoring the main issues at stake b) Identifying and rigorously analyzing the causes of the conflict c) Disregarding the grievances of parties d) Focusing solely on historical events)
Answer: b) Identifying and rigorously analyzing the causes of the conflict
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27. (How are structural causes of conflict defined? a) Sudden events triggering conflict b) Deeply ingrained societal factors creating preconditions for conflict c) Temporary misunderstandings between parties d) Actions taken to resolve conflict)
Answer: b) Deeply ingrained societal factors creating preconditions for conflict
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28. (What is the significance of actor analysis in conflict? a) It identifies the root causes of conflict only b) It focuses on the individuals or groups involved and their roles in the conflict c) It avoids mentioning the people involved in the conflict d) It downplays the importance of actors in the conflict)
Answer: b) It focuses on the individuals or groups involved and their roles in the conflict
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29. (What is a "trigger" in the context of conflict analysis? a) A deeply rooted societal issue b) An event or action that sparks or escalates conflict c) A resolution method for conflict d) A passive observation of conflict situations)
Answer: b) An event or action that sparks or escalates conflict
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30. (What is the purpose of post-conflict analysis? a) To escalate future conflicts b) To learn lessons and monitor peacebuilding processes c) To identify new triggers for conflict d) To avoid reconciliation efforts)
Answer: b) To learn lessons and monitor peacebuilding processes
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1. What is Albert’s (2001) classification of conflict stakeholders? (a) Primary and Secondary (b) Primary, Secondary, and Shadow (c) Primary, Shadow, and Hidden (d) Primary, Secondary, and Allies
Answer: b
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2. Who are considered primary parties in a conflict? (a) Indirect actors supporting the conflict (b) Stakeholders with unknown identities (c) Directly involved and visible actors in the conflict (d) Mediators and peacekeepers
Answer: c
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3. What distinguishes shadow parties from secondary parties? (a) They are more directly involved in the conflict. (b) They avoid being publicly known while offering support. (c) They take a defensive stance in the conflict. (d) They openly finance the primary actors.
Answer: b
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4. What are the 'positions' taken by conflict parties? (a) Their ultimate needs and fears (b) Their concealed objectives (c) Their public stance on what they want (d) Their non-negotiable interests
Answer: c
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5. What is the critical difference between interests and needs in a conflict? (a) Interests are what parties say they need publicly. (b) Needs are non-negotiable and essential for survival. (c) Interests are always defensive. (d) Needs are less important than interests.
Answer: b
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6. Which stage of conflict involves hidden incompatibilities between parties? (a) Crisis stage (b) Confrontation stage (c) Pre-conflict stage (d) Outcome stage
Answer: c
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7. What characterizes the confrontation stage of conflict? (a) Peace-building activities (b) Hidden disputes (c) Open and manifest attempts at redress (d) Resolution of the crisis
Answer: c
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8. What is the peak stage of conflict referred to as? (a) Confrontation stage (b) Crisis stage (c) Outcome stage (d) Transformation stage
Answer: b
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9. What intervention tools are commonly introduced during the crisis stage? (a) Avoidance and denial (b) Peacekeeping and humanitarian missions (c) Mediation and arbitration (d) Disarmament and reconciliation
Answer: b
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10. What defines the outcome stage of conflict? (a) The conflict escalates further. (b) Parties engage in violent confrontations. (c) The conflict de-escalates, making way for discussions. (d) The primary actors withdraw from the conflict.
Answer: c
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11. Which activities are associated with the post-conflict stage? (a) Mobilizing resources for war (b) Avoiding confrontation (c) Disarmament, Demobilization, and Rehabilitation (d) Seeking allies to escalate the conflict
Answer: c
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12. What is the significance of the transformation stage? (a) It focuses on short-term gains for parties. (b) It resolves all wounds and scars completely. (c) It aims for complete actor and issue transformation. (d) It begins the confrontation process anew.
Answer: c
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13. What does context analysis primarily focus on? (a) Identifying the triggers of violent conflict (b) Understanding the positions of the parties (c) Examining the historical and social background of the conflict (d) Mapping out future interventions
Answer: c
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14. Why is the pre-conflict stage considered significant? (a) It involves violent confrontations. (b) Differences are openly managed at this stage. (c) It is a phase where parties avoid open disputes. (d) It signals the end of the conflict process.
Answer: c
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15. What happens during conflict de-escalation? (a) Tensions rise between the parties. (b) The conflict transitions to a less intense stage. (c) Actors mobilize resources for war. (d) The primary actors withdraw entirely.
Answer: b
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16. What is a 'hurting stalemate' in conflict? (a) A point where one party dominates the other (b) A ceasefire achieved through mutual agreement (c) A stage where neither party feels they are making progress (d) A phase of rapid conflict escalation
Answer: c
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17. What does the 'D&R' process in post-conflict activities include? (a) Deliberation and Resolution (b) Disarmament and Rehabilitation (c) Discussion and Retaliation (d) Defense and Reconciliation
Answer: b
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18. Which stage focuses on rebuilding trust between conflicting parties? (a) Confrontation stage (b) Post-conflict stage (c) Crisis stage (d) Transformation stage
Answer: b
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19. What does context analysis emphasize about conflicts? (a) All conflicts lack historical contexts. (b) Conflicts emerge from specific socio-economic and political backgrounds. (c) Conflicts only exist in violent stages. (d) Context analysis ignores geographical aspects.
Answer: b
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20. What are the two activities characterizing the post-conflict stage? (a) Confrontation and escalation (b) Improvement and transformation (c) Avoidance and denial (d) Concession and negotiation
Answer: b
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21. According to Albert (2001), the shadow parties in a conflict situation are characterized by which of the following? (a) Open confrontation with other parties (b) Preferring to remain anonymous (c) Direct involvement in peace talks (d) Limited interest in the conflict
Answer: b
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22. At the crisis stage of conflict, the conflict is characterized by: (a) Latent tension between the parties (b) Intense fighting and widespread destruction (c) Mutual understanding between the parties (d) Peace negotiations
Answer: b
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23. The post-conflict stage is primarily characterized by which activities? (a) Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation, Reconciliation, Reintegration, and Reconstruction (b) Increased hostilities between parties (c) Avoidance and denial of the issues (d) Mobilization of resources for conflict escalation
Answer: a
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24. Why is the transformation stage of conflict considered difficult to achieve? (a) The scars of the conflict remain visible even after healing (b) Peace-building activities are unnecessary at this stage (c) Actors refuse to engage in peacebuilding mechanisms (d) The post-conflict activities have no significant impact
Answer: a
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25. Context analysis in conflict studies involves: (a) Ignoring historical factors of the conflict (b) Identifying the immediate triggers of violence only (c) Understanding the historical, geographical, and social background of the conflict (d) Focusing solely on the positions of the parties
Answer: c
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26. What does the pre-conflict stage signify in conflict progression? (a) Open confrontation between parties (b) Hidden incompatibilities between parties (c) The end of conflict (d) Disarmament and rehabilitation
Answer: b
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27. In the confrontation stage, parties engage in which of the following? (a) Open or manifest conflict (b) Disarmament and peacebuilding (c) Negotiation and reconciliation (d) Avoidance and denial
Answer: a
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28. The escalation and de-escalation of conflict are depicted as: (a) A straight line of progression (b) An upward and downward movement along a timeline (c) A stagnant state without change (d) A random and unpredictable process
Answer: b
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29. The success of the post-conflict stage largely depends on: (a) The transformation level mechanisms (b) Continued violence to maintain balance (c) Ignoring the root causes of conflict (d) Minimal involvement of the belligerent parties
Answer: a
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30. According to Best (2006), positional behaviors by conflict parties are adopted because: (a) They believe revealing their needs makes them vulnerable (b) They want to openly declare their interests (c) They are always truthful in their public statements (d) Their fears are insignificant in conflict resolution
Answer: a
