Chpt 4 Ethnicity Ethnic Identity And Conflict Flashcards
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QUESTION
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OPTION 1
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Q
- What was the state of ethnic groups in Nigeria until 1914? (a) They were unified into one nation (b) They existed as nations in their respective rights (c) They were all colonized (d) They were assimilated into European cultures)
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Answer: (b) They existed as nations in their respective rights
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Q
- According to the Oxford dictionary, ethnicity is defined as: (a) A biologically inherited trait (b) A socially defined category of people who identify based on cultural or national experience (c) A legal identity defined by a country (d) A form of political alignment)
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Answer: (b) A socially defined category of people who identify based on cultural or national experience
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Q
- What component divides ethnic groups into “us” and “them”? (a) Social stratification (b) Economic inequality (c) Ethnic group identity (d) Political power)
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Answer: (c) Ethnic group identity
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Q
- What do Osaghae and Suberu (2005) say about ethnic identity in Nigeria? (a) It is only relevant in competitive settings (b) Nigerians define themselves more by ethnic identity than by national identity (c) Ethnicity does not affect Nigerian politics (d) Ethnic groups in Nigeria are homogeneous)
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Answer: (b) Nigerians define themselves more by ethnic identity than by national identity
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Q
- Which ethnic identity marker is often associated with the South-East of Nigeria? (a) Groundnuts (b) Cocoa (c) Palm products (d) Rice)
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Answer: (c) Palm products
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Q
- According to Okpu (1977), how do Nigerians generally refer to one another? (a) By their profession (b) By their ethnic identity (c) By their academic achievements (d) By their political affiliation)
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Answer: (b) By their ethnic identity
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Q
- What is the major issue associated with ethnicity in Nigeria? (a) A lack of ethnic diversity (b) Ethnicity being manipulated for political gains (c) The decline of ethnic pride (d) Ethnic groups failing to cooperate)
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Answer: (b) Ethnicity being manipulated for political gains
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Q
- What is the term used to describe the feeling of attachment and loyalty to one’s ethnic group? (a) Social stratification (b) Ethnic solidarity (c) Ethnic exclusion (d) Cultural assimilation)
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Answer: (b) Ethnic solidarity
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- How do some groups abuse ethnicity in Nigeria? (a) By using it for personal gain and political mobilization (b) By creating inter-ethnic marriages (c) By promoting national unity (d) By excluding foreign influences)
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Answer: (a) By using it for personal gain and political mobilization
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- According to Nnoli (1978), what is the interaction among members of an ethnic group based on? (a) Cultural similarities (b) Genetic bonds (c) Social, political, and economic conditions (d) Common economic goals)
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Answer: (c) Social, political, and economic conditions
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Q
- What does social constructivism emphasize about ethnicity? (a) It is fixed at birth (b) It is fluid and changeable (c) It is irrelevant in modern society (d) It is rooted in biological traits)
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Answer: (b) It is fluid and changeable
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Q
- In the context of ethnicity, what does instrumentalism focus on? (a) The biological origins of ethnic groups (b) The political and economic factors that shape ethnicity (c) The religious rituals of ethnic groups (d) The aesthetic characteristics of ethnic groups)
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Answer: (b) The political and economic factors that shape ethnicity
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Q
- What does primordialism assert about ethnicity? (a) It is shaped by external political factors (b) It is based on historical and cultural foundations (c) It is irrelevant to national identity (d) It is a modern social construct)
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Answer: (b) It is based on historical and cultural foundations
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Q
- What is the outcome of assimilation according to the text? (a) Ethnic distinctions are maintained (b) Ethnic identities dissolve into a larger society (c) New ethnic groups are formed (d) Conflicts between ethnic groups increase)
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Answer: (b) Ethnic identities dissolve into a larger society
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Q
- What is structural assimilation? (a) The complete abandonment of ethnic identity (b) The entry of members of a minority ethnic group into relationships with the dominant ethnic group (c) The rejection of intermarriage between ethnic groups (d) The establishment of new ethnic groups)
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Answer: (b) The entry of members of a minority ethnic group into relationships with the dominant ethnic group
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Q
- What role do elites play in the manipulation of ethnic identity? (a) They discourage ethnic identities for national unity (b) They use ethnicity to achieve political mobilization (c) They enforce assimilation across ethnic lines (d) They abolish ethnic distinctions for economic development)
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Answer: (b) They use ethnicity to achieve political mobilization
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Q
- How does ethnicity affect economic development in Nigeria? (a) It promotes inter-ethnic cooperation (b) It often leads to exclusionary competition for resources (c) It has no impact on economic activities (d) It prevents ethnic groups from forming interest groups)
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Answer: (b) It often leads to exclusionary competition for resources
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Q
- What is a major feature of ethnic group resources? (a) Political alliances (b) Solidarity and mobilization to advance a collective ethnic action (c) Economic rivalry with other ethnic groups (d) The development of new languages)
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Answer: (b) Solidarity and mobilization to advance a collective ethnic action
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- What is the basis of the Nigerian national identity according to the text? (a) Political unity (b) Ethnic diversity and shared history (c) Religious affiliations (d) Economic cooperation)
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Answer: (b) Ethnic diversity and shared history
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- What is the role of ethnicity in power distribution and access to resources? (a) It creates equal opportunities for all ethnic groups (b) It ensures fair representation of all ethnic groups (c) It creates inequalities and competition for state resources (d) It has no effect on resource allocation)
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Answer: (c) It creates inequalities and competition for state resources
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- What is the primary consequence of ethnic identity in multi-ethnic societies? (a) Economic stability (b) Primordial sentiments (c) Political decentralization (d) Social harmony)
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Answer: b) Primordial sentiments
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Q
- What term describes the tendency to identify with one’s ethnic group over the nation? (a) Ethnic assimilation (b) Ethnic nationalism (c) Ethnic allegiance (d) Cultural relativism)
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Answer: b) Ethnic nationalism
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- According to Nnoli (1978), conflict is an important aspect of which phenomenon? (a) Ethnic nationalism (b) Ethnicism (c) Political struggle (d) Social cognition)
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Answer: b) Ethnicism
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4. What is a fundamental right that should not be taken away from any individual? (a) Access to education (b) Ethnic identity (c) Economic privilege (d) Political entitlement)
Answer: b) Ethnic identity
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5. What has colonialism exacerbated in African societies? (a) Cultural integration (b) Ethnic conflict (c) Economic independence (d) Political stability)
Answer: b) Ethnic conflict
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6. What is the major factor explaining social reality in post-colonial Africa? (a) Political reforms (b) Ethnicity (c) Industrialization (d) Education)
Answer: b) Ethnicity
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7. What type of boundaries compounded ethnic conflict in post-colonial Africa? (a) Political boundaries (b) Colonial boundaries (c) Economic boundaries (d) Religious boundaries)
Answer: b) Colonial boundaries
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8. What does the term "public realm ethnicity" refer to? (a) Ethnic interactions in private settings (b) State-mediated ethnic conflicts (c) The socio-economic base of ethnicity (d) Non-violent ethnic grievances)
Answer: b) State-mediated ethnic conflicts
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9. Which scholar described inter-ethnic violence as "ethnic genocidal wars"? (a) Nnoli (1978) (b) Osaghae (1993) (c) Agyeman (1992) (d) Horowitz (1985))
Answer: c) Agyeman (1992)
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10. Which of the following is an example of intra-ethnic conflict in Nigeria? (a) Zango-Kataf/Hausa conflict (b) Ife/Modakeke conflict (c) Tiv/Jukun conflict (d) Ibo/Annang conflict)
Answer: b) Ife/Modakeke conflict
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11. What is a characteristic of manifest ethnic conflict? (a) Non-violent grievances (b) Sporadic violence (c) Extreme violence (d) Socio-economic base)
Answer: c) Extreme violence
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12. What is one of the key challenges left by colonial legacies in Africa? (a) Economic growth (b) Unified state formation (c) Polarization of ethnic groups (d) Reduced ethnic consciousness)
Answer: c) Polarization of ethnic groups
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13. Which term is used to describe conflicts between host communities and settlers? (a) Inter-ethnic conflict (b) Territorial disputes (c) Indigene-settler conflict (d) Socio-political rivalry)
Answer: c) Indigene-settler conflict
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14. What fuels the divisive theory of citizenship in African states? (a) National unity (b) Ethnic consciousness (c) Local power politics (d) Religious alignment)
Answer: b) Ethnic consciousness
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15. What classification includes violent and non-violent ethnic conflicts? (a) Manifest and latent (b) Public and private (c) Local and regional (d) In-group and out-group)
Answer: a) Manifest and latent
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16. Which of these conflicts is NOT classified as inter-ethnic? (a) Jos mayhem (b) Zango-Kataf/Hausa conflict (c) Tiv/Jukun conflict (d) Ibo/Annang conflict)
Answer: a) Jos mayhem
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17. What does Osaghae (1994) suggest is common in African ethnic conflicts? (a) Recurrence in private realms (b) State intervention in ethnic violence (c) Rapid economic solutions (d) Non-political ethnic grievances)
Answer: b) State intervention in ethnic violence
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18. What is the primary goal of individuals in social conflicts? (a) Promote national unity (b) Gain desirable values and neutralize rivals (c) Maintain ethnic harmony (d) Strengthen socio-economic bases)
Answer: b) Gain desirable values and neutralize rivals
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19. Which African conflict is an example of inter-ethnic violence? (a) Agatu herdsmen crisis (b) Kokuro/Mayata conflict in Kenya (c) Ife/Modakeke conflict (d) Jos mayhem)
Answer: b) Kokuro/Mayata conflict in Kenya
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20. What can help address unhealthy ethnic rivalry in Africa? (a) Strengthening ethnic boundaries (b) Promoting local citizenship (c) Managing ethnic relations for collective good (d) Encouraging regional segregation)
Answer: c) Managing ethnic relations for collective good
