Chpt 4 Ethnicity Ethnic Identity And Conflict

Question 1

QUESTION

Answer 1

OPTION 1

Question 2

1. What was the state of ethnic groups in Nigeria until 1914? (a) They were unified into one nation (b) They existed as nations in their respective rights (c) They were all colonized (d) They were assimilated into European cultures)

Answer 2

Answer: (b) They existed as nations in their respective rights

Question 3

2. According to the Oxford dictionary, ethnicity is defined as: (a) A biologically inherited trait (b) A socially defined category of people who identify based on cultural or national experience (c) A legal identity defined by a country (d) A form of political alignment)

Answer 3

Answer: (b) A socially defined category of people who identify based on cultural or national experience

Question 4

3. What component divides ethnic groups into “us” and “them”? (a) Social stratification (b) Economic inequality (c) Ethnic group identity (d) Political power)

Answer 4

Answer: (c) Ethnic group identity

Question 5

4. What do Osaghae and Suberu (2005) say about ethnic identity in Nigeria? (a) It is only relevant in competitive settings (b) Nigerians define themselves more by ethnic identity than by national identity (c) Ethnicity does not affect Nigerian politics (d) Ethnic groups in Nigeria are homogeneous)

Answer 5

Answer: (b) Nigerians define themselves more by ethnic identity than by national identity

Question 6

5. Which ethnic identity marker is often associated with the South-East of Nigeria? (a) Groundnuts (b) Cocoa (c) Palm products (d) Rice)

Answer 6

Answer: (c) Palm products

Question 7

6. According to Okpu (1977), how do Nigerians generally refer to one another? (a) By their profession (b) By their ethnic identity (c) By their academic achievements (d) By their political affiliation)

Answer 7

Answer: (b) By their ethnic identity

Question 8

7. What is the major issue associated with ethnicity in Nigeria? (a) A lack of ethnic diversity (b) Ethnicity being manipulated for political gains (c) The decline of ethnic pride (d) Ethnic groups failing to cooperate)

Answer 8

Answer: (b) Ethnicity being manipulated for political gains

Question 9

8. What is the term used to describe the feeling of attachment and loyalty to one’s ethnic group? (a) Social stratification (b) Ethnic solidarity (c) Ethnic exclusion (d) Cultural assimilation)

Answer 9

Answer: (b) Ethnic solidarity

Question 10

9. How do some groups abuse ethnicity in Nigeria? (a) By using it for personal gain and political mobilization (b) By creating inter-ethnic marriages (c) By promoting national unity (d) By excluding foreign influences)

Answer 10

Answer: (a) By using it for personal gain and political mobilization

Question 11

10. According to Nnoli (1978), what is the interaction among members of an ethnic group based on? (a) Cultural similarities (b) Genetic bonds (c) Social, political, and economic conditions (d) Common economic goals)

Answer 11

Answer: (c) Social, political, and economic conditions

Question 12

11. What does social constructivism emphasize about ethnicity? (a) It is fixed at birth (b) It is fluid and changeable (c) It is irrelevant in modern society (d) It is rooted in biological traits)

Answer 12

Answer: (b) It is fluid and changeable

Question 13

12. In the context of ethnicity, what does instrumentalism focus on? (a) The biological origins of ethnic groups (b) The political and economic factors that shape ethnicity (c) The religious rituals of ethnic groups (d) The aesthetic characteristics of ethnic groups)

Answer 13

Answer: (b) The political and economic factors that shape ethnicity

Question 14

13. What does primordialism assert about ethnicity? (a) It is shaped by external political factors (b) It is based on historical and cultural foundations (c) It is irrelevant to national identity (d) It is a modern social construct)

Answer 14

Answer: (b) It is based on historical and cultural foundations

Question 15

14. What is the outcome of assimilation according to the text? (a) Ethnic distinctions are maintained (b) Ethnic identities dissolve into a larger society (c) New ethnic groups are formed (d) Conflicts between ethnic groups increase)

Answer 15

Answer: (b) Ethnic identities dissolve into a larger society

Question 16

15. What is structural assimilation? (a) The complete abandonment of ethnic identity (b) The entry of members of a minority ethnic group into relationships with the dominant ethnic group (c) The rejection of intermarriage between ethnic groups (d) The establishment of new ethnic groups)

Answer 16

Answer: (b) The entry of members of a minority ethnic group into relationships with the dominant ethnic group

Question 17

16. What role do elites play in the manipulation of ethnic identity? (a) They discourage ethnic identities for national unity (b) They use ethnicity to achieve political mobilization (c) They enforce assimilation across ethnic lines (d) They abolish ethnic distinctions for economic development)

Answer 17

Answer: (b) They use ethnicity to achieve political mobilization

Question 18

17. How does ethnicity affect economic development in Nigeria? (a) It promotes inter-ethnic cooperation (b) It often leads to exclusionary competition for resources (c) It has no impact on economic activities (d) It prevents ethnic groups from forming interest groups)

Answer 18

Answer: (b) It often leads to exclusionary competition for resources

Question 19

18. What is a major feature of ethnic group resources? (a) Political alliances (b) Solidarity and mobilization to advance a collective ethnic action (c) Economic rivalry with other ethnic groups (d) The development of new languages)

Answer 19

Answer: (b) Solidarity and mobilization to advance a collective ethnic action

Question 20

19. What is the basis of the Nigerian national identity according to the text? (a) Political unity (b) Ethnic diversity and shared history (c) Religious affiliations (d) Economic cooperation)

Answer 20

Answer: (b) Ethnic diversity and shared history

Question 21

20. What is the role of ethnicity in power distribution and access to resources? (a) It creates equal opportunities for all ethnic groups (b) It ensures fair representation of all ethnic groups (c) It creates inequalities and competition for state resources (d) It has no effect on resource allocation)

Answer 21

Answer: (c) It creates inequalities and competition for state resources

Question 22

1. What is the primary consequence of ethnic identity in multi-ethnic societies? (a) Economic stability (b) Primordial sentiments (c) Political decentralization (d) Social harmony)

Answer 22

Answer: b) Primordial sentiments

Question 23

2. What term describes the tendency to identify with one’s ethnic group over the nation? (a) Ethnic assimilation (b) Ethnic nationalism (c) Ethnic allegiance (d) Cultural relativism)

Answer 23

Answer: b) Ethnic nationalism

Question 24

3. According to Nnoli (1978), conflict is an important aspect of which phenomenon? (a) Ethnic nationalism (b) Ethnicism (c) Political struggle (d) Social cognition)

Answer 24

Answer: b) Ethnicism

Question 25

4. What is a fundamental right that should not be taken away from any individual? (a) Access to education (b) Ethnic identity (c) Economic privilege (d) Political entitlement)

Answer 25

Answer: b) Ethnic identity

Question 26

5. What has colonialism exacerbated in African societies? (a) Cultural integration (b) Ethnic conflict (c) Economic independence (d) Political stability)

Answer 26

Answer: b) Ethnic conflict

Question 27

6. What is the major factor explaining social reality in post-colonial Africa? (a) Political reforms (b) Ethnicity (c) Industrialization (d) Education)

Answer 27

Answer: b) Ethnicity

Question 28

7. What type of boundaries compounded ethnic conflict in post-colonial Africa? (a) Political boundaries (b) Colonial boundaries (c) Economic boundaries (d) Religious boundaries)

Answer 28

Answer: b) Colonial boundaries

Question 29

8. What does the term “public realm ethnicity” refer to? (a) Ethnic interactions in private settings (b) State-mediated ethnic conflicts (c) The socio-economic base of ethnicity (d) Non-violent ethnic grievances)

Answer 29

Answer: b) State-mediated ethnic conflicts

Question 30

9. Which scholar described inter-ethnic violence as “ethnic genocidal wars”? (a) Nnoli (1978) (b) Osaghae (1993) (c) Agyeman (1992) (d) Horowitz (1985))

Answer 30

Answer: c) Agyeman (1992)

Question 31

10. Which of the following is an example of intra-ethnic conflict in Nigeria? (a) Zango-Kataf/Hausa conflict (b) Ife/Modakeke conflict (c) Tiv/Jukun conflict (d) Ibo/Annang conflict)

Answer 31

Answer: b) Ife/Modakeke conflict

Question 32

11. What is a characteristic of manifest ethnic conflict? (a) Non-violent grievances (b) Sporadic violence (c) Extreme violence (d) Socio-economic base)

Answer 32

Answer: c) Extreme violence

Question 33

12. What is one of the key challenges left by colonial legacies in Africa? (a) Economic growth (b) Unified state formation (c) Polarization of ethnic groups (d) Reduced ethnic consciousness)

Answer 33

Answer: c) Polarization of ethnic groups

Question 34

13. Which term is used to describe conflicts between host communities and settlers? (a) Inter-ethnic conflict (b) Territorial disputes (c) Indigene-settler conflict (d) Socio-political rivalry)

Answer 34

Answer: c) Indigene-settler conflict

Question 35

14. What fuels the divisive theory of citizenship in African states? (a) National unity (b) Ethnic consciousness (c) Local power politics (d) Religious alignment)

Answer 35

Answer: b) Ethnic consciousness

Question 36

15. What classification includes violent and non-violent ethnic conflicts? (a) Manifest and latent (b) Public and private (c) Local and regional (d) In-group and out-group)

Answer 36

Answer: a) Manifest and latent

Question 37

16. Which of these conflicts is NOT classified as inter-ethnic? (a) Jos mayhem (b) Zango-Kataf/Hausa conflict (c) Tiv/Jukun conflict (d) Ibo/Annang conflict)

Answer 37

Answer: a) Jos mayhem

Question 38

17. What does Osaghae (1994) suggest is common in African ethnic conflicts? (a) Recurrence in private realms (b) State intervention in ethnic violence (c) Rapid economic solutions (d) Non-political ethnic grievances)

Answer 38

Answer: b) State intervention in ethnic violence

Question 39

18. What is the primary goal of individuals in social conflicts? (a) Promote national unity (b) Gain desirable values and neutralize rivals (c) Maintain ethnic harmony (d) Strengthen socio-economic bases)

Answer 39

Answer: b) Gain desirable values and neutralize rivals

Question 40

19. Which African conflict is an example of inter-ethnic violence? (a) Agatu herdsmen crisis (b) Kokuro/Mayata conflict in Kenya (c) Ife/Modakeke conflict (d) Jos mayhem)

Answer 40

Answer: b) Kokuro/Mayata conflict in Kenya

Question 41

20. What can help address unhealthy ethnic rivalry in Africa? (a) Strengthening ethnic boundaries (b) Promoting local citizenship (c) Managing ethnic relations for collective good (d) Encouraging regional segregation)

Answer 41

Answer: c) Managing ethnic relations for collective good