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- What decade is considered the beginning of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) as an academic field?\na) 1920s\nb) 1940s\nc) 1960s\nd) 1980s
Answer: b) 1940s\nExplanation: PCS developed as an academic field of study in the 1940s through to the 1960s.
- Which of the following terms is NOT associated with the study of conflict?\na) Irenology\nb) Polemology\nc) Sociology\nd) Conflictology
Answer: c) Sociology\nExplanation: Sociology is a broader discipline, while the other terms specifically relate to peace and conflict studies.
- The first chair in International Relations was established in which year?\na) 1918\nb) 1919\nc) 1945\nd) 1965
Answer: b) 1919\nExplanation: The first chair in International Relations was endowed at the University College Wales, Aberystwyth, in 1919.
- What major global event catalyzed the establishment of International Relations as a field?\na) World War II\nb) The Cold War\nc) The First World War\nd) The Vietnam War
Answer: c) The First World War\nExplanation: The First World War led to the quest for better methods to avoid future conflicts, giving rise to International Relations.
- The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is an example of what kind of initiative?\na) Academic Research\nb) International Activism\nc) Institutional Mechanism\nd) Military Alliance
Answer: c) Institutional Mechanism\nExplanation: It represents institutional efforts aimed at promoting peace through research and advocacy.
- Which theory is associated with the social psychology of human conflict?\na) Human Needs Theory\nb) Frustration-Aggression Theory\nc) Structural Violence Theory\nd) Realist Theory
Answer: b) Frustration-Aggression Theory\nExplanation: The frustration-aggression theory explains how frustration can lead to aggressive behavior, an important concept in understanding conflicts.
- What is the primary focus of Peace and Conflict Studies?\na) War strategies\nb) Military tactics\nc) Human conflicts and peaceful resolution\nd) Political theory
Answer: c) Human conflicts and peaceful resolution\nExplanation: PCS is defined as the scientific study of human conflicts and ways to resolve them peacefully.
- Which era is referred to as the Foundation Era of PCS?\na) 1918-1945\nb) 1945-1965\nc) 1965-1985\nd) 1985-2000
Answer: b) 1945-1965\nExplanation: The Foundation Era saw significant institutional growth and the establishment of major research initiatives in PCS.
- What significant event in 1945 influenced the development of Peace Research?\na) The Cold War\nb) The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\nc) The founding of the UN\nd) The signing of the Treaty of Versailles
Answer: b) The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\nExplanation: These events highlighted the need for peace research due to the destructive potential of nuclear weapons.
- Who was a prominent figure in establishing the Journal of Conflict Resolution in 1957?\na) Johan Galtung\nb) Kenneth Boulding\nc) Herbert Kelman\nd) Anatol Rapoport
Answer: b) Kenneth Boulding\nExplanation: Boulding led a group of academics to establish the Journal of Conflict Resolution, marking a significant development in the field.
- The concept of ‘win-win’ negotiations is most closely associated with which school of thought?\na) Realism\nb) Liberalism\nc) Harvard School\nd) Structuralism
Answer: c) Harvard School\nExplanation: The Harvard School popularized ‘win-win’ approaches to conflict resolution through problem-solving and principled negotiation.
- Which organization was founded in 1964 with Johan Galtung as its editor?\na) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute\nb) Journal of Peace Research\nc) International Peace Research Association\nd) Canadian Peace Research and Education
Answer: b) Journal of Peace Research\nExplanation: The Journal of Peace Research was founded in 1964 and became a key publication in the field of PCS.
- Galtung’s works introduced the distinction between which two types of peace?\na) Negative and positive peace\nb) Structural and direct violence\nc) Real and ideal peace\nd) Global and local peace
Answer: a) Negative and positive peace\nExplanation: Galtung’s framework emphasized the differences between negative peace (the absence of violence) and positive peace (the presence of justice and equality).
- What characterized the Third Generation of Peace and Conflict Studies (1965-1985)?\na) Focus on theoretical frameworks\nb) Increasing institutionalization and scholarly work\nc) A retreat from practical application\nd) An exclusive focus on global conflicts
Answer: b) Increasing institutionalization and scholarly work\nExplanation: This era was marked by a solidifying institutional base and significant academic contributions to the field.
- The International Peace Research Institute of Oslo was established in which year?\na) 1959\nb) 1965\nc) 1972\nd) 1980
Answer: a) 1959\nExplanation: Galtung helped form the International Peace Research Institute of Oslo in 1959 as part of the institutional growth in PCS.
- Which of the following concepts relates to the resolution of persistent conflicts at different levels?\na) Direct Violence\nb) Structural Violence\nc) Multi-Level Conflict Analysis\nd) Military Diplomacy
Answer: c) Multi-Level Conflict Analysis\nExplanation: Peace and Conflict Studies examines conflicts at the micro, meso, and macro levels to understand their nature and resolution.
- What type of research approaches does PCS utilize?\na) Qualitative and quantitative\nb) Only qualitative\nc) Only quantitative\nd) Primarily theoretical
Answer: a) Qualitative and quantitative\nExplanation: PCS employs a variety of research methods, including qualitative and quantitative techniques.
- Which of the following scholars is associated with the human needs theory?\na) Johan Galtung\nb) Kenneth Boulding\nc) John Burton\nd) Herbert Kelman
Answer: c) John Burton\nExplanation: Burton’s human needs theory seeks to identify the underlying needs that drive human conflicts.
- Which of the following best describes ‘Track II diplomacy’?\na) Official state negotiations\nb) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving processes\nc) Military interventions\nd) Economic sanctions
Answer: b) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving processes\nExplanation: Track II diplomacy refers to informal discussions aimed at resolving conflicts without official government involvement.
- The consolidation era (1965-1985) saw a focus on which primary concern in PCS?\na) Environmental security\nb) Military strategy\nc) Economic development\nd) Globalization
Answer: a) Environmental security\nExplanation: This era highlighted the importance of addressing environmental security alongside traditional conflict issues.
- What is a primary goal of Peace and Conflict Studies?\na) To develop military strategies\nb) To enhance international trade\nc) To understand and resolve conflicts peacefully\nd) To promote nationalism
Answer: c) To understand and resolve conflicts peacefully\nExplanation: The central aim of PCS is to study conflicts and find peaceful methods for resolution.
- The establishment of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) occurred in which year?\na) 1959\nb) 1966\nc) 1970\nd) 1985
Answer: b) 1966\nExplanation: SIPRI was founded in 1966 as part of the growing institutional framework for peace research.
- Which of the following best defines ‘negative peace’?\na) Peace achieved through military strength\nb) The absence of violence\nc) A peaceful coexistence of nations\nd) Peace achieved through negotiation
Answer: b) The absence of violence\nExplanation: Negative peace refers specifically to the absence of direct violence or war.