1-10 Flashcards
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- What decade is considered the beginning of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) as an academic field?\na) 1920s\nb) 1940s\nc) 1960s\nd) 1980s
Answer: b) 1940s\nExplanation: PCS developed as an academic field of study in the 1940s through to the 1960s.
- Which of the following terms is NOT associated with the study of conflict?\na) Irenology\nb) Polemology\nc) Sociology\nd) Conflictology
Answer: c) Sociology\nExplanation: Sociology is a broader discipline, while the other terms specifically relate to peace and conflict studies.
- The first chair in International Relations was established in which year?\na) 1918\nb) 1919\nc) 1945\nd) 1965
Answer: b) 1919\nExplanation: The first chair in International Relations was endowed at the University College Wales, Aberystwyth, in 1919.
- What major global event catalyzed the establishment of International Relations as a field?\na) World War II\nb) The Cold War\nc) The First World War\nd) The Vietnam War
Answer: c) The First World War\nExplanation: The First World War led to the quest for better methods to avoid future conflicts, giving rise to International Relations.
- The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is an example of what kind of initiative?\na) Academic Research\nb) International Activism\nc) Institutional Mechanism\nd) Military Alliance
Answer: c) Institutional Mechanism\nExplanation: It represents institutional efforts aimed at promoting peace through research and advocacy.
- Which theory is associated with the social psychology of human conflict?\na) Human Needs Theory\nb) Frustration-Aggression Theory\nc) Structural Violence Theory\nd) Realist Theory
Answer: b) Frustration-Aggression Theory\nExplanation: The frustration-aggression theory explains how frustration can lead to aggressive behavior, an important concept in understanding conflicts.
- What is the primary focus of Peace and Conflict Studies?\na) War strategies\nb) Military tactics\nc) Human conflicts and peaceful resolution\nd) Political theory
Answer: c) Human conflicts and peaceful resolution\nExplanation: PCS is defined as the scientific study of human conflicts and ways to resolve them peacefully.
- Which era is referred to as the Foundation Era of PCS?\na) 1918-1945\nb) 1945-1965\nc) 1965-1985\nd) 1985-2000
Answer: b) 1945-1965\nExplanation: The Foundation Era saw significant institutional growth and the establishment of major research initiatives in PCS.
- What significant event in 1945 influenced the development of Peace Research?\na) The Cold War\nb) The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\nc) The founding of the UN\nd) The signing of the Treaty of Versailles
Answer: b) The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\nExplanation: These events highlighted the need for peace research due to the destructive potential of nuclear weapons.
- Who was a prominent figure in establishing the Journal of Conflict Resolution in 1957?\na) Johan Galtung\nb) Kenneth Boulding\nc) Herbert Kelman\nd) Anatol Rapoport
Answer: b) Kenneth Boulding\nExplanation: Boulding led a group of academics to establish the Journal of Conflict Resolution, marking a significant development in the field.
- The concept of ‘win-win’ negotiations is most closely associated with which school of thought?\na) Realism\nb) Liberalism\nc) Harvard School\nd) Structuralism
Answer: c) Harvard School\nExplanation: The Harvard School popularized ‘win-win’ approaches to conflict resolution through problem-solving and principled negotiation.
- Which organization was founded in 1964 with Johan Galtung as its editor?\na) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute\nb) Journal of Peace Research\nc) International Peace Research Association\nd) Canadian Peace Research and Education
Answer: b) Journal of Peace Research\nExplanation: The Journal of Peace Research was founded in 1964 and became a key publication in the field of PCS.
- Galtung’s works introduced the distinction between which two types of peace?\na) Negative and positive peace\nb) Structural and direct violence\nc) Real and ideal peace\nd) Global and local peace
Answer: a) Negative and positive peace\nExplanation: Galtung’s framework emphasized the differences between negative peace (the absence of violence) and positive peace (the presence of justice and equality).
- What characterized the Third Generation of Peace and Conflict Studies (1965-1985)?\na) Focus on theoretical frameworks\nb) Increasing institutionalization and scholarly work\nc) A retreat from practical application\nd) An exclusive focus on global conflicts
Answer: b) Increasing institutionalization and scholarly work\nExplanation: This era was marked by a solidifying institutional base and significant academic contributions to the field.
- The International Peace Research Institute of Oslo was established in which year?\na) 1959\nb) 1965\nc) 1972\nd) 1980
Answer: a) 1959\nExplanation: Galtung helped form the International Peace Research Institute of Oslo in 1959 as part of the institutional growth in PCS.
- Which of the following concepts relates to the resolution of persistent conflicts at different levels?\na) Direct Violence\nb) Structural Violence\nc) Multi-Level Conflict Analysis\nd) Military Diplomacy
Answer: c) Multi-Level Conflict Analysis\nExplanation: Peace and Conflict Studies examines conflicts at the micro, meso, and macro levels to understand their nature and resolution.
- What type of research approaches does PCS utilize?\na) Qualitative and quantitative\nb) Only qualitative\nc) Only quantitative\nd) Primarily theoretical
Answer: a) Qualitative and quantitative\nExplanation: PCS employs a variety of research methods, including qualitative and quantitative techniques.
- Which of the following scholars is associated with the human needs theory?\na) Johan Galtung\nb) Kenneth Boulding\nc) John Burton\nd) Herbert Kelman
Answer: c) John Burton\nExplanation: Burton’s human needs theory seeks to identify the underlying needs that drive human conflicts.
- Which of the following best describes ‘Track II diplomacy’?\na) Official state negotiations\nb) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving processes\nc) Military interventions\nd) Economic sanctions
Answer: b) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving processes\nExplanation: Track II diplomacy refers to informal discussions aimed at resolving conflicts without official government involvement.
- The consolidation era (1965-1985) saw a focus on which primary concern in PCS?\na) Environmental security\nb) Military strategy\nc) Economic development\nd) Globalization
Answer: a) Environmental security\nExplanation: This era highlighted the importance of addressing environmental security alongside traditional conflict issues.
- What is a primary goal of Peace and Conflict Studies?\na) To develop military strategies\nb) To enhance international trade\nc) To understand and resolve conflicts peacefully\nd) To promote nationalism
Answer: c) To understand and resolve conflicts peacefully\nExplanation: The central aim of PCS is to study conflicts and find peaceful methods for resolution.
- The establishment of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) occurred in which year?\na) 1959\nb) 1966\nc) 1970\nd) 1985
Answer: b) 1966\nExplanation: SIPRI was founded in 1966 as part of the growing institutional framework for peace research.
- Which of the following best defines ‘negative peace’?\na) Peace achieved through military strength\nb) The absence of violence\nc) A peaceful coexistence of nations\nd) Peace achieved through negotiation
Answer: b) The absence of violence\nExplanation: Negative peace refers specifically to the absence of direct violence or war.
- What was a significant outcome of the First Generation of PCS (1918-1945)?\na) The establishment of peacekeeping forces\nb) The founding of International Relations\nc) The introduction of nuclear weapons\nd) The signing of peace treaties
Answer: b) The founding of International Relations\nExplanation: The First Generation laid the groundwork for International Relations as a means to study and promote peace.
- Johan Galtung’s research significantly contributed to which area of PCS?\na) Military technology\nb) Structural violence\nc) Economic sanctions\nd) International trade
Answer: b) Structural violence\nExplanation: Galtung focused on understanding the underlying structures that perpetuate violence, contributing to the field’s theoretical depth.
- What was one of the primary concerns highlighted by the Journal of Conflict Resolution?\na) Economic development strategies\nb) Preventing global war\nc) Military alliances\nd) Nationalism
Answer: b) Preventing global war\nExplanation: The Journal of Conflict Resolution emphasized the prevention of global war as a key concern for the field of Peace and Conflict Studies.
- The period from 1945 to 1965 is characterized by what significant trend in PCS?\na) Decreased interest in peace research\nb) Institutional growth and development\nc) Focus on military strategies\nd) Emergence of global conflicts
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- The period from 1945 to 1965 is characterized by what significant trend in PCS?\na) Decreased interest in peace research\nb) Institutional growth and development\nc) Focus on military strategies\nd) Emergence of global conflicts
Answer: b) Institutional growth and development\nExplanation: This period saw significant growth in institutions dedicated to peace research and conflict resolution.
- Which concept refers to the absence of violence, but does not ensure the presence of justice or equality?\na) Positive peace\nb) Structural peace\nc) Negative peace\nd) Active peace
Answer: c) Negative peace\nExplanation: Negative peace is simply the absence of violence, lacking the deeper social justice considerations that define positive peace.
- What is a distinguishing feature of Peace and Conflict Studies compared to other disciplines?\na) Its focus on economic factors\nb) Its interdisciplinary approach\nc) Its emphasis on military studies\nd) Its exclusive focus on war
Answer: b) Its interdisciplinary approach\nExplanation: PCS integrates various social science disciplines to understand conflict and peace.
- Which major global institution was established in 1945?\na) World Health Organization (WHO)\nb) United Nations (UN)\nc) International Monetary Fund (IMF)\nd) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Answer: b) United Nations (UN)\nExplanation: The United Nations was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and peace.
- Who was involved in the founding of the Journal of Conflict Resolution?\na) Johan Galtung\nb) Robert Cooley Angell\nc) Kenneth Boulding\nd) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above\nExplanation: Kenneth Boulding, Johan Galtung, and Robert Cooley Angell were key figures in founding the Journal of Conflict Resolution.
- What was a major contribution of the Third Generation (1965-1985) to PCS?\na) Expansion of military tactics\nb) Emphasis on practical conflict resolution methods\nc) Decline in academic interest\nd) Increased funding for military research
Answer: b) Emphasis on practical conflict resolution methods\nExplanation: The Third Generation focused on practical applications for resolving conflicts, including workshops and dialogues.
- Which of the following scholars is known for the ‘problem-solving workshops’ approach to conflict?\na) Johan Galtung\nb) John Burton\nc) Herbert Kelman\nd) Kenneth Boulding
Answer: c) Herbert Kelman\nExplanation: Kelman is known for his work on problem-solving workshops that facilitate conflict resolution.
- The term ‘multi-level conflict analysis’ refers to the study of conflicts at which levels?\na) Global and national\nb) Micro, meso, and macro\nc) Political and economic\nd) Historical and contemporary
Answer: b) Micro, meso, and macro\nExplanation: Multi-level conflict analysis examines conflicts at different scales to better understand their nature and dynamics.
- What is one primary area of concern for PCS researchers?\na) Military strategy\nb) Environmental security\nc) Trade policies\nd) Economic growth
Answer: b) Environmental security\nExplanation: Environmental security has become an important focus in the study of peace and conflict due to its implications for global stability.
- The concept of ‘structural violence’ is best described as:\na) Physical violence by individuals\nb) Harm caused by societal structures that prevent people from meeting their basic needs\nc) Violence that occurs during wars\nd) Aggression in interpersonal relationships
Answer: b) Harm caused by societal structures that prevent people from meeting their basic needs\nExplanation: Structural violence refers to the systematic ways in which social structures harm or disadvantage individuals.
- Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Fourth Generation of PCS?\na) Focus on military interventions\nb) Emphasis on interdisciplinary research\nc) Decline in academic publications\nd) Increased funding for military studies
Answer: b) Emphasis on interdisciplinary research\nExplanation: The Fourth Generation continues to build on the interdisciplinary nature of PCS to address complex conflicts.
- The study of ‘peace’ in PCS involves:\na) Only the absence of conflict\nb) Understanding social justice and equality\nc) Developing military strategies\nd) Political theory analysis
Answer: b) Understanding social justice and equality\nExplanation: The study of peace encompasses the conditions that foster justice and equality in addition to the absence of conflict.
- What was a significant intellectual contribution during the Foundation Era (1945-1965)?\na) Theoretical developments in military science\nb) Establishment of peace research institutes\nc) Rise of global conflicts\nd) Exclusive focus on national security
Answer: b) Establishment of peace research institutes\nExplanation: The Foundation Era saw the creation of numerous peace research institutions that formalized the study of PCS.
- The ‘human needs theory’ primarily addresses:\na) The need for military strength\nb) The underlying needs that drive conflicts\nc) Economic needs during crises\nd) Environmental demands
Answer: b) The underlying needs that drive conflicts\nExplanation: This theory posits that unmet human needs can lead to conflicts, emphasizing the importance of addressing these needs in conflict resolution.
- Which area of research has gained attention due to the increasing complexity of global conflicts?\na) National security studies\nb) Environmental security\nc) Economic policies\nd) Military technology
Answer: b) Environmental security\nExplanation: Environmental security has emerged as a crucial area of research due to its impact on peace and conflict.
- The founding of the International Peace Research Association in 1965 was aimed at:\na) Promoting military alliances\nb) Fostering academic collaboration in peace research\nc) Enhancing national security measures\nd) Establishing economic sanctions
Answer: b) Fostering academic collaboration in peace research\nExplanation: The International Peace Research Association was created to encourage collaboration among scholars in the field of peace research.
- Which of the following reflects the interdisciplinary nature of PCS?\na) Exclusivity of political science\nb) Collaboration between various social sciences\nc) Focus solely on military studies\nd) Elimination of empirical research
Answer: b) Collaboration between various social sciences\nExplanation: PCS integrates insights from various social sciences, including sociology, psychology, and economics.
- The works of Johan Galtung focused on:\na) Economic theories\nb) Military tactics\nc) The nature of peace and violence\nd) Political theories
Answer: c) The nature of peace and violence\nExplanation: Galtung’s research significantly contributed to the understanding of peace and various forms of violence.
- What is one common method used in PCS research?\na) Only qualitative analysis\nb) Military simulations\nc) Case studies and field surveys\nd) Exclusively theoretical research
Answer: c) Case studies and field surveys\nExplanation: PCS employs various research methods, including case studies and surveys, to analyze conflicts and resolutions.
- The term ‘active peace’ refers to:\na) The presence of military forces\nb) The promotion of justice and social equality\nc) The absence of war\nd) Economic stability
Answer: b) The promotion of justice and social equality\nExplanation: Active peace involves actively creating conditions that promote justice, equality, and stability within societies.
- What role did medical professionals play during the First Generation of PCS?\na) They developed military strategies\nb) They advocated for peace due to war’s impact on health\nc) They focused on economic policies\nd) They ignored the implications of war
Answer: b) They advocated for peace due to war’s impact on health\nExplanation: Medical professionals recognized the health consequences of war and sought to promote peace.
- Which framework emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary approaches in the study of PCS?\na) Realism\nb) Interdependence theory\nc) International Relations\nd) Conflict resolution theory
Answer: d) Conflict resolution theory\nExplanation: This framework emphasizes the importance of drawing from multiple disciplines to effectively address conflicts.
- The ‘first peace research laboratory’ was founded in response to which event?\na) The Cold War\nb) The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings\nc) The First World War\nd) The signing of the United Nations charter
Answer: b) The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings\nExplanation: The tragedies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to a heightened interest in establishing a peace research laboratory.
- The concept of ‘ecological balance’ is included within the scope of PCS due to:\na) Its military implications\nb) The relationship between environmental degradation and conflict\nc) The focus on economic policies\nd) The study of historical conflicts
Answer: b) The relationship between environmental degradation and conflict\nExplanation: Environmental issues are increasingly recognized as significant factors in conflict.
Question and Options
Answer and Explanation
- The first chair of peace research was established at which university?\na) Harvard University\nb) University of Michigan\nc) University of Lyons\nd) St. Louis University
Answer: c) University of Lyons\nExplanation: The first chair of peace research was created at the University of Lyons in 1931 as a pioneering effort in the field.
- What is one major challenge facing Peace and Conflict Studies in Africa?\na) Lack of military conflict\nb) Institutional maturity\nc) Insufficient funding for research\nd) Absence of interest among students
Answer: b) Institutional maturity\nExplanation: While there are efforts to institutionalize PCS in Africa, the discipline remains in its infancy compared to Europe and North America.
- The concept of ‘track II diplomacy’ refers to:\na) Military interventions by state actors\nb) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities conducted by private citizens or groups\nc) Political negotiations between governments\nd) Economic sanctions imposed by international organizations
Answer: b) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities conducted by private citizens or groups\nExplanation: Track II diplomacy involves non-official efforts to resolve conflicts, often through dialogue and negotiation.
- The ‘frustration-aggression theory’ developed in social psychology addresses:\na) The economic factors of conflict\nb) How frustration can lead to aggressive behavior\nc) The role of military power\nd) The historical context of wars
Answer: b) How frustration can lead to aggressive behavior\nExplanation: This theory suggests that frustration often results in aggression, which can escalate into conflicts.
- The Journal of Peace Research was founded in which year?\na) 1964\nb) 1957\nc) 1965\nd) 1945
Answer: a) 1964\nExplanation: The Journal of Peace Research was established in 1964 to advance the study of peace and conflict issues.
- Which scholar is known for developing the ‘human needs theory’?\na) Johan Galtung\nb) John Burton\nc) Kenneth Boulding\nd) Herbert Kelman
Answer: b) John Burton\nExplanation: John Burton’s human needs theory focuses on the fundamental needs that must be met to prevent conflict.
- The main aim of the International Peace Research Association is to:\na) Promote military alliances\nb) Enhance international trade\nc) Foster cooperation and research in peace studies\nd) Support national security initiatives
Answer: c) Foster cooperation and research in peace studies\nExplanation: The association aims to bring together researchers and practitioners to advance the field of peace studies.
- Which of the following best describes ‘positive peace’?\na) Absence of war and violence\nb) Presence of justice, equality, and harmony\nc) Military stability\nd) Political negotiations
Answer: b) Presence of justice, equality, and harmony\nExplanation: Positive peace goes beyond the absence of conflict, encompassing social justice and equality.
- The Third Generation of PCS primarily focused on:\na) Theoretical debates\nb) Institutional development\nc) Practical interventions and resolution strategies\nd) Historical analysis of wars
Answer: c) Practical interventions and resolution strategies\nExplanation: This generation emphasized practical solutions to conflicts and the application of theories in real-world scenarios.
- Which region saw significant growth in peace research institutions during the Foundation Era?\na) Africa\nb) Scandinavia\nc) South America\nd) Asia
Answer: b) Scandinavia\nExplanation: The Foundation Era saw the establishment of several peace research institutions in Scandinavia, leading to a robust academic community in the field.
- The term ‘bolemology’ refers to:\na) The study of military strategy\nb) The science of conflict\nc) The study of economic sanctions\nd) The analysis of historical wars
Answer: b) The science of conflict\nExplanation: Bolemology focuses on understanding the nature and dynamics of conflicts.
- Which of the following developments occurred as a result of the Second Generation of PCS?\na) Decline in academic interest\nb) Founding of the Peace Research Laboratory\nc) Increased military spending\nd) Focus solely on historical analysis
Answer: b) Founding of the Peace Research Laboratory\nExplanation: The establishment of the Peace Research Laboratory marked significant progress in the institutionalization of PCS during this era.
- What was the focus of the academic community during the Consolidation Era (1965-1985)?\na) Political negotiations\nb) Defining the scope and nature of PCS\nc) Military interventions\nd) Economic policies
Answer: b) Defining the scope and nature of PCS\nExplanation: During this period, scholars sought to clarify the boundaries and focus of Peace and Conflict Studies.
- What is one of the key concerns of security studies that distinguishes it from PCS?\na) Focus on social justice\nb) Analysis of war and its conduct\nc) Emphasis on environmental issues\nd) Study of economic development
Answer: b) Analysis of war and its conduct\nExplanation: Security studies primarily focus on understanding war, its origins, and implications, while PCS emphasizes peaceful conflict resolution.
- The academic field of International Relations (IR) emerged primarily in response to:\na) The Cold War\nb) World War I\nc) Globalization\nd) National independence movements
Answer: b) World War I\nExplanation: The desire to understand and prevent future conflicts following World War I led to the development of International Relations as a field.
- Which of the following is a method used by researchers in Peace and Conflict Studies?\na) Only qualitative analysis\nb) Mixed methods approach\nc) Exclusive focus on quantitative research\nd) Sole reliance on historical data
Answer: b) Mixed methods approach\nExplanation: Researchers in PCS often employ a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze conflicts.
- The emergence of the United Nations in 1945 was partly a response to:\na) The need for economic cooperation\nb) The desire to prevent future wars\nc) The growth of nationalism\nd) Environmental concerns
Answer: b) The desire to prevent future wars\nExplanation: The UN was established to promote international peace and prevent the recurrence of large-scale conflicts.
- The concept of ‘negotiation’ in the context of PCS is primarily about:\na) Military agreements\nb) Economic transactions\nc) Dialogue to resolve disputes\nd) Political alliances
Answer: c) Dialogue to resolve disputes\nExplanation: Negotiation in PCS involves discussions aimed at reaching peaceful resolutions to conflicts.
- The “Crisis of the State” is often discussed in terms of:\na) Economic prosperity\nb) Globalization and its effects\nc) Sovereignty and state security\nd) Environmental sustainability
Answer: c) Sovereignty and state security\nExplanation: The crisis of the state refers to challenges that undermine state authority and security in a globalized world.
- Which of the following describes the focus of ‘critical security studies’?\na) Military capabilities\nb) Social and political dimensions of security\nc) Economic power\nd) Historical warfare strategies
Answer: b) Social and political dimensions of security\nExplanation: Critical security studies analyze security issues through the lens of social justice and political factors.
- A ‘win-win approach’ to conflict resolution emphasizes:\na) One party’s victory\nb) Mutual benefits for all parties involved\nc) Economic gains\nd) Military superiority
Answer: b) Mutual benefits for all parties involved\nExplanation: A win-win approach aims to find solutions that benefit all parties, reducing the likelihood of conflict recurrence.
- Which of the following best illustrates ‘empirical research’ in PCS?\na) Theoretical models of peace\nb) Field studies and surveys\nc) Historical analysis of conflicts\nd) Political theory analysis
Answer: b) Field studies and surveys\nExplanation: Empirical research in PCS involves collecting and analyzing data from real-world observations and experiences.
- What role did ‘natural scientists’ play in the development of Peace and Conflict Studies?\na) They focused exclusively on military technologies\nb) They advocated for peace based on the impacts of war on humanity\nc) They developed theories of war\nd) They ignored the social implications of war
Answer: b) They advocated for peace based on the impacts of war on humanity\nExplanation: Natural scientists recognized the destructive potential of their work and sought to promote peace.
- ‘Social conflict’ can be best defined as:\na) Conflict between nations\nb) Disagreements arising from social, political, or economic differences\nc) Military confrontations\nd) Historical disputes
Answer: b) Disagreements arising from social, political, or economic differences\nExplanation: Social conflict refers to tensions and disputes that stem from differences in social, political, or economic interests.
- The establishment of peace research journals in the 1960s was significant because it:\na) Limited academic inquiry\nb) Promoted a single perspective on conflict\nc) Fostered scholarly discussion and dissemination of research\nd) Focused only on military strategies
Answer: c) Fostered scholarly discussion and dissemination of research\nExplanation: The creation of peace research journals allowed for greater collaboration and sharing of ideas.
Question and Options
Answer and Explanation
What theory in social psychology relates to the frustration-aggression cycle in human conflict? a) Human Needs Theory; b) Frustration-Aggression Theory; c) Win-Win Negotiation; d) Structural Violence Theory
Answer: b) Frustration-Aggression Theory. Explanation: Developed by Dollard and colleagues in 1939, this theory posits that frustration can lead to aggressive behavior. It highlights how unmet needs can result in conflict.
Who founded the first Peace Research Laboratory after World War II? a) Kenneth Boulding; b) Johan Galtung; c) Theodore Lentz; d) Robert Cooley Angell
Answer: c) Theodore Lentz. Explanation: Theodore Lentz established the Peace Research Laboratory at St. Louis University in 1945, responding to the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Which journal was established in 1957 to promote conflict resolution studies? a) Journal of Peace Research; b) Journal of Conflict Resolution; c) International Journal of Peace Studies; d) Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies
Answer: b) Journal of Conflict Resolution. Explanation: Founded by Kenneth Boulding and others, this journal aimed to foster interdisciplinary dialogue in peace and conflict studies.
What is the focus of Johan Galtung’s work in peace studies? a) Economic inequality; b) Nuclear deterrence; c) Structural forms of violence; d) Military strategy
Answer: c) Structural forms of violence. Explanation: Galtung’s work expanded beyond just preventing wars to examining how structural inequalities can perpetuate violence and conflict.
The period from 1945 to 1965 in peace studies is often referred to as what? a) Foundation Era; b) Expansion Era; c) Reconstruction Era; d) Cosmopolitan Era
Answer: a) Foundation Era. Explanation: This era marked the beginning of institutional growth and the establishment of foundational concepts in peace and conflict studies.
What significant event in 1945 influenced the founding of peace research institutions? a) The Cold War; b) The formation of the United Nations; c) The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; d) The end of World War I
Answer: c) The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Explanation: These events underscored the need for research into peace and conflict, leading to the establishment of various research centers.
Kenneth Boulding’s contributions to peace studies included a focus on: a) Human needs; b) International relations reform; c) Nuclear strategy; d) Cultural diversity
Answer: b) International relations reform. Explanation: Boulding advocated for reforms in international systems to prevent conflict and promote peace.
The Journal of Peace Research was founded in which year? a) 1957; b) 1964; c) 1966; d) 1985
Answer: b) 1964. Explanation: This journal was established to provide a platform for research on peace and conflict issues, with Johan Galtung as its first editor.
What major shift in peace studies occurred after the Cold War? a) Increased focus on nuclear deterrence; b) Rise in intra-national conflicts; c) Decreased institutional growth; d) Less emphasis on cultural diversity
Answer: b) Rise in intra-national conflicts. Explanation: The end of the Cold War led to a decrease in international conflicts but an increase in internal and regional violence.
The concept of ‘track II diplomacy’ primarily involves: a) Military intervention; b) Official governmental negotiations; c) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving; d) Media engagement
Answer: c) Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving. Explanation: Track II diplomacy refers to informal, non-governmental efforts to resolve conflicts and promote understanding between parties.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Third Generation or Consolidation Era of Peace Studies (1965-1985)? a) Focus on nuclear deterrence; b) Increased emphasis on qualitative methodologies; c) Dominance of military solutions; d) Decreased interest in cultural aspects of conflict
Answer: b) Increased emphasis on qualitative methodologies. Explanation: This era saw the development of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies for conflict analysis and resolution.
What did the Harvard School contribute to peace and conflict studies? a) The theory of structural violence; b) Problem-solving workshops; c) Advocacy for military intervention; d) The study of international law
Answer: b) Problem-solving workshops. Explanation: The Harvard School introduced approaches like problem-solving workshops to facilitate dialogues in protracted conflicts.
Which of the following issues became prominent in peace studies after the Cold War? a) Domestic violence; b) Global nuclear proliferation; c) Intra-national violence; d) Economic sanctions
Answer: c) Intra-national violence. Explanation: The end of the Cold War led to increased intra-national conflicts, particularly in emerging democracies.
Cultural diversity in peace studies often involves the study of: a) Military strategies in conflict; b) Interfaith dialogues and understanding; c) Economic models of conflict resolution; d) Psychological theories of aggression
Answer: b) Interfaith dialogues and understanding. Explanation: Peace studies explore how cultural and religious differences can lead to conflict and how dialogue can promote peace.
What is ‘systemic complexity’ in the context of conflict studies? a) Simple cause-and-effect relationships; b) The unpredictability of conflict dynamics; c) A focus on economic factors; d) Cultural homogenization
Answer: b) The unpredictability of conflict dynamics. Explanation: Systemic complexity refers to the idea that conflicts are influenced by multiple interrelated factors, making them unpredictable.
The term ‘intractable conflicts’ refers to conflicts that: a) Can be easily resolved; b) Persist despite attempts at resolution; c) Are limited to cultural disputes; d) Involve only state actors
Answer: b) Persist despite attempts at resolution. Explanation: Intractable conflicts are those that continue to resist resolution efforts and require special approaches.
What do scholars suggest as a response to ‘complex asymmetry’ in conflicts? a) Standard negotiation techniques; b) Complete military intervention; c) Creative handling and engagement of weaker parties; d) Ignoring the weaker party’s interests
Answer: c) Creative handling and engagement of weaker parties. Explanation: Scholars argue that effective conflict resolution must involve the genuine participation of all parties, especially weaker ones.
What is one of the primary focuses of peace and conflict studies today? a) Military advancements; b) Global economic strategies; c) Environmental security and ecological balance; d) Nationalistic movements
Answer: c) Environmental security and ecological balance. Explanation: Current studies often emphasize the importance of environmental issues as they relate to conflict and peacebuilding.
Who is considered a key figure in developing the ‘Human Needs Theory’? a) Johan Galtung; b) John Burton; c) Kenneth Boulding; d) Herbert Kelman
Answer: b) John Burton. Explanation: Burton’s Human Needs Theory focuses on the underlying needs that drive conflicts and the importance of addressing them for resolution.
What is a primary goal of Peace and Conflict Studies? a) To justify military interventions; b) To promote win-lose scenarios; c) To understand and resolve conflicts; d) To focus solely on international relations
Answer: c) To understand and resolve conflicts. Explanation: The field aims to analyze the roots of conflict and develop strategies for resolution, fostering a more peaceful society.
The ‘Peace Research Institute of Oslo’ was founded in which year? a) 1945; b) 1959; c) 1966; d) 1985
Answer: b) 1959. Explanation: Galtung helped establish this institute to further research in peace studies and conflict resolution.
Which approach emphasizes the importance of dialogue and nonviolent methods in addressing conflicts? a) Track I diplomacy; b) Track II diplomacy; c) Traditional military strategies; d) Distributive bargaining
Answer: b) Track II diplomacy. Explanation: Track II diplomacy focuses on informal dialogue and conflict resolution, promoting understanding without official government involvement.
What is a key feature of the Fourth Generation or Reconstruction Era (1985-2005) in Peace Studies? a) Decreased scholarly attention; b) Emphasis on military solutions; c) Recognition of cultural diversity; d) Focus solely on international conflicts
Answer: c) Recognition of cultural diversity. Explanation: This era acknowledged the significance of cultural differences and how they impact conflict dynamics.
What challenge did scholars address regarding ‘religious violence’? a) Promoting military intervention; b) Understanding and dialoguing across cultures; c) Economic sanctions against religious groups; d) Ignoring cultural contexts
Answer: b) Understanding and dialoguing across cultures. Explanation: Scholars investigated ways to address religious violence through intercultural dialogue and understanding, aiming to reduce tensions.
Which of the following best describes the ‘cosmopolitan era’ of peace studies (2005-present)? a) A focus on national conflicts; b) Increased international recognition and collaboration; c) Decreased interest in peacebuilding; d) Emphasis on traditional military approaches
Answer: b) Increased international recognition and collaboration. Explanation: The contemporary era has seen the field gain international prominence, with more academic institutions focusing on peace and conflict issues.
Which theory argues for a win-win approach in negotiations? a) Frustration-Aggression Theory; b) Human Needs Theory; c) Win-Lose Negotiation; d) Integrative Bargaining
Answer: d) Integrative Bargaining. Explanation: Integrative bargaining seeks mutually beneficial outcomes, promoting collaboration over competition in negotiations.
What is one of the critical issues of the Fifth Generation of Peace Studies? a) Isolation of academic disciplines; b) Addressing economic inequalities; c) Multidisciplinary approaches to conflict; d) Simplifying conflict resolution methods
“Answer: c) Multidisciplinary approaches to conflict
Q29: Which concept involves the analysis of how structural inequalities perpetuate conflict?
a) Positive peace
b) Structural violence
c) Negative peace
d) Human Needs Theory
b) Structural violence
Explanation: Structural violence refers to social structures that harm individuals by preventing them from meeting their basic needs, thus perpetuating conflict.
Q30: What aspect of peace studies focuses on the relationships between nations?
a) Intra-national conflict
b) International relations
c) Cultural studies
d) Environmental impact
b) International relations
Explanation: International relations examine how countries interact, cooperate, and conflict, forming a key area of study within peace and conflict studies.
Q31: Which of the following models helped analyze the arms race in the context of peace studies?
a) Boulding’s Prevention Model
b) Richardson’s arms race model
c) Galtung’s Structural Model
d) Burton’s Human Needs Model
b) Richardson’s arms race model
Explanation: Richardson’s model provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of the arms race and its implications for peace studies.
Q32: What is one of the primary focuses of peace and conflict studies today?
a) Military advancements
b) Global economic strategies
c) Environmental security and ecological balance
d) Nationalistic movements
c) Environmental security and ecological balance
Explanation: Current studies often emphasize the importance of environmental issues as they relate to conflict and peacebuilding.
Q33: Who is considered a key figure in developing the ‘Human Needs Theory’?
a) Johan Galtung
b) John Burton
c) Kenneth Boulding
d) Herbert Kelman
b) John Burton
Explanation: Burton’s Human Needs Theory focuses on the underlying needs that drive conflicts and the importance of addressing them for resolution.
Q34: What is a primary goal of Peace and Conflict Studies?
a) To justify military interventions
b) To promote win-lose scenarios
c) To understand and resolve conflicts
d) To focus solely on international relations
c) To understand and resolve conflicts
Explanation: The field aims to analyze the roots of conflict and develop strategies for resolution, fostering a more peaceful society.
Q35: The ‘Peace Research Institute of Oslo’ was founded in which year?
a) 1945
b) 1959
c) 1966
d) 1985
b) 1959
Explanation: Galtung helped establish this institute to further research in peace studies and conflict resolution.
Q36: Which approach emphasizes the importance of dialogue and nonviolent methods in addressing conflicts?
a) Track I diplomacy
b) Track II diplomacy
c) Traditional military strategies
d) Distributive bargaining
b) Track II diplomacy
Explanation: Track II diplomacy focuses on informal dialogue and conflict resolution, promoting understanding without official government involvement.
Q37: What is a key feature of the Fourth Generation or Reconstruction Era (1985-2005) in Peace Studies?
a) Decreased scholarly attention
b) Emphasis on military solutions
c) Recognition of cultural diversity
d) Focus solely on international conflicts
c) Recognition of cultural diversity
Explanation: This era acknowledged the significance of cultural differences and how they impact conflict dynamics.
Q38: What challenge did scholars address regarding ‘religious violence’?
a) Promoting military intervention
b) Understanding and dialoguing across cultures
c) Economic sanctions against religious groups
d) Ignoring cultural contexts
b) Understanding and dialoguing across cultures
Explanation: Scholars investigated ways to address religious violence through intercultural dialogue and understanding, aiming to reduce tensions.
Q39: Which of the following best describes the ‘cosmopolitan era’ of peace studies (2005-present)?
a) A focus on national conflicts
b) Increased international recognition and collaboration
c) Decreased interest in peacebuilding
d) Emphasis on traditional military approaches
b) Increased international recognition and collaboration
Explanation: The contemporary era has seen the field gain international prominence, with more academic institutions focusing on peace and conflict issues.
Q40: Which theory argues for a win-win approach in negotiations?
a) Frustration-Aggression Theory
b) Human Needs Theory
c) Win-Lose Negotiation
d) Integrative Bargaining
d) Integrative Bargaining
Explanation: Integrative bargaining seeks mutually beneficial outcomes, promoting collaboration over competition in negotiations.
Question and Options
Answer and Explanation
Q40: What key development characterized the ‘Fifth Generation’ of peace studies? a) Increased focus on individual conflicts b) Global recognition and collaboration c) Decreased scholarly interest d) Emphasis on military solutions
Answer: b) Global recognition and collaboration Explanation: The contemporary era has gained international prominence, leading to increased academic collaboration and research in peace studies.
Q41: The approach of addressing the underlying needs of conflicting parties is known as: a) Win-lose negotiation b) Human Needs Theory c) Distributive bargaining d) Structural adjustment
Answer: b) Human Needs Theory Explanation: Human Needs Theory posits that understanding and addressing the fundamental needs of individuals can lead to conflict resolution.
Q42: Which of the following reflects a positive approach to conflict resolution? a) Ignoring the interests of weaker parties b) Seeking collaborative solutions c) Emphasizing military might d) Focusing on punitive measures
Answer: b) Seeking collaborative solutions Explanation: Positive approaches to conflict resolution emphasize collaboration, dialogue, and mutual understanding between conflicting parties.
Q43: What is the significance of the ‘Journal of Peace Research’? a) It promotes military strategies b) It focuses solely on international relations c) It serves as a platform for interdisciplinary research on peace and conflict d) It disregards cultural dimensions of conflict
Answer: c) It serves as a platform for interdisciplinary research on peace and conflict Explanation: The journal publishes a wide range of research that draws from various disciplines to inform peace and conflict studies.
Q44: Which factor contributed to the increased complexity of conflicts in the post-Cold War era? a) Simplified international relations b) Emergence of intra-national violence c) Decreased cultural diversity d) Reduction in global interactions
Answer: b) Emergence of intra-national violence Explanation: The end of the Cold War saw a rise in internal conflicts, complicating the landscape of peace and conflict studies.
Q45: What does ‘creative responses’ in conflict resolution aim to achieve? a) Military intervention b) Traditional negotiation techniques c) Innovative and effective solutions to complex conflicts d) Ignoring root causes of conflict
Answer: c) Innovative and effective solutions to complex conflicts Explanation: Creative responses focus on developing new methods and strategies to address and resolve conflicts that traditional approaches fail to resolve.
Q46: What does the term ‘conflict asymmetry’ refer to? a) Equal power dynamics b) Imbalanced power relations between conflicting parties c) Symmetrical negotiation approaches d) Uniform conflict resolution strategies
Answer: b) Imbalanced power relations between conflicting parties Explanation: Conflict asymmetry highlights the disparities in power, resources, and influence between the parties involved in a conflict.
Q47: Which institution was founded in response to the need for peace research in Scandinavia? a) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) b) International Crisis Group c) Harvard Negotiation Project d) United Nations Institute for Training and Research
Answer: a) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Explanation: SIPRI was established in 1966 to provide data and analysis on international security and arms control.
Q48: What did the ‘problem-solving workshops’ introduced by the Harvard School focus on? a) Competition among conflicting parties b) Facilitation of dialogue and mutual understanding c) Standard military interventions d) Solely economic discussions
Answer: b) Facilitation of dialogue and mutual understanding Explanation: These workshops aimed to create a space for conflicting parties to engage in constructive dialogue and explore solutions collaboratively.
Q49: What is a central theme of peace and conflict studies regarding the role of NGOs? a) They hinder conflict resolution b) They are irrelevant in conflict contexts c) They play a crucial role in peacebuilding efforts d) They focus only on economic development
Answer: c) They play a crucial role in peacebuilding efforts Explanation: NGOs often engage in grassroots peacebuilding initiatives, conflict resolution, and advocacy for peace.
Q50: What are ‘non-governmental organizations’ (NGOs) in the context of peace studies? a) Official government bodies b) Private organizations that promote peace and conflict resolution c) Military organizations d) For-profit businesses
Answer: b) Private organizations that promote peace and conflict resolution Explanation: NGOs work independently from government influences to address conflict and promote peacebuilding initiatives.
Q51: What significant challenge do peace scholars address regarding conflict in emerging democracies? a) Complete stability b) Systemic complexity and violence c) Military intervention d) Cultural homogeneity
Answer: b) Systemic complexity and violence Explanation: Scholars focus on understanding the intricate factors contributing to violence in newly formed democracies, promoting tailored responses.
Q52: Which of the following describes ‘positive peace’? a) The mere absence of conflict b) A comprehensive understanding and promotion of social justice and equality c) Military readiness d) Economic prosperity alone
Answer: b) A comprehensive understanding and promotion of social justice and equality Explanation: Positive peace involves not just the absence of violence but the presence of social justice, equality, and active efforts to foster peaceful societies.
Q53: Which of the following is a method used in conflict resolution that emphasizes collaboration? a) Distributive bargaining b) Integrative negotiation c) Coercive diplomacy d) Military intervention
Answer: b) Integrative negotiation Explanation: Integrative negotiation seeks to find mutually beneficial outcomes for all parties involved, focusing on collaboration rather than competition.
Q54: The concept of ‘ecological peacebuilding’ is concerned with: a) Environmental sustainability in conflict areas b) Military strategies for environmental protection c) Economic sanctions against countries harming the environment d) Ignoring environmental issues in peace processes
Answer: a) Environmental sustainability in conflict areas Explanation: Ecological peacebuilding integrates environmental considerations into conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts.
Q55: What role does ‘dialogue’ play in peace and conflict studies? a) It complicates conflicts further b) It serves as a tool for understanding and resolving differences c) It promotes military interventions d) It is deemed unnecessary in conflict resolution
Answer: b) It serves as a tool for understanding and resolving differences Explanation: Dialogue facilitates communication and understanding among conflicting parties, which is crucial for achieving lasting peace.
Q56: What is a key characteristic of the Fifth Generation of Peace Studies? a) Focus solely on historical conflicts b) Interdisciplinary collaboration and approaches c) Emphasis on traditional military tactics d) Reduction in international engagement
Answer: b) Interdisciplinary collaboration and approaches Explanation: The fifth generation encourages collaboration across various academic disciplines to address the complexities of peace and conflict.
Q57: Which of the following terms describes a conflict that is particularly resistant to resolution? a) Simple conflict b) Intractable conflict c) Short-lived conflict d) Low-intensity conflict
Answer: b) Intractable conflict Explanation: Intractable conflicts are those that continue to persist despite multiple attempts at resolution, often due to deep-rooted issues.
Q58: Who was instrumental in the establishment of the International Peace Research Association? a) Kenneth Boulding b) Johan Galtung c) John Burton d) Herbert Kelman
Answer: b) Johan Galtung Explanation: Galtung was a key figure in founding this association in 1965, promoting research and dialogue in peace studies.
Q59: What was the primary concern of peace studies during the Second Generation (1945-1965)? a) Economic globalization b) Military interventions c) Institutional growth and peace research d) Cultural assimilation
Answer: c) Institutional growth and peace research Explanation: This period focused on establishing institutions and developing a research framework to study peace.
Q60: What does the term ‘sustainable peace’ emphasize? a) The temporary cessation of conflict b) Long-term strategies that address root causes of conflict c) Economic sanctions against belligerent parties d) Exclusive focus on military solutions
Answer: b) Long-term strategies that address root causes of conflict Explanation: Sustainable peace involves creating conditions that prevent the recurrence of violence by addressing underlying social, economic, and political issues.
Q61: What is the focus of ‘transformative mediation’ in peace studies? a) Achieving quick resolutions b) Changing relationships and social structures to promote peace c) Emphasizing military solutions d) Avoiding difficult discussions
Answer: b) Changing relationships and social structures to promote peace Explanation: Transformative mediation seeks to change the dynamics of relationships involved in the conflict, encouraging understanding and collaboration.
Q62: In conflict resolution, what does the term ‘reconciliation’ refer to? a) Acknowledgment of past grievances and a process towards healing b) Immediate resolution of disputes c) Ignoring cultural differences d) Emphasis on punitive measures
Answer: a) Acknowledgment of past grievances and a process towards healing Explanation: Reconciliation involves recognizing and addressing past conflicts to rebuild relationships and foster peace.
Q63: Which of the following describes a characteristic of social movements in relation to peace studies? a) They are typically violent and aggressive b) They promote social change through collective action c) They have no impact on conflict dynamics d) They solely focus on economic issues
Answer: b) They promote social change through collective action Explanation: Social movements can be instrumental in advocating for peace, justice, and addressing inequalities that lead to conflict.
Q64: What does the ‘peacebuilding continuum’ refer to? a) A linear process with fixed stages b) The interconnectedness of conflict prevention, resolution, and post-conflict recovery c) A focus solely on military solutions d) An isolated approach to conflict resolution
Answer: b) The interconnectedness of conflict prevention, resolution, and post-conflict recovery Explanation: The peacebuilding continuum highlights the need for comprehensive strategies that address all phases of conflict.
“Q65: The concept of ‘psychological peacebuilding’ emphasizes: a) The use of
Question and Options
Answer and Explanation
Q65: The concept of ‘psychological peacebuilding’ emphasizes: a) The use of military force in conflicts b) Understanding and addressing the psychological aspects of conflict c) Economic recovery only d) Ignoring the emotional dimensions of conflict
Answer: b) Understanding and addressing the psychological aspects of conflict Explanation: Psychological peacebuilding recognizes that emotions, traumas, and perceptions play significant roles in conflicts and must be addressed for lasting peace.
Q66: What does the ‘UN Peacekeeping’ mandate generally involve? a) Engaging in military offensives b) Maintaining peace and security in conflict-affected areas c) Ignoring local populations d) Solely focusing on economic issues
Answer: b) Maintaining peace and security in conflict-affected areas Explanation: UN peacekeeping operations are designed to support efforts to achieve and maintain peace in post-conflict regions.
Q67: Which of the following terms is used to describe the practice of engaging non-state actors in conflict resolution? a) Track I diplomacy b) Track II diplomacy c) Traditional diplomacy d) Coercive diplomacy
Answer: b) Track II diplomacy Explanation: Track II diplomacy involves unofficial dialogues and negotiations with non-state actors to facilitate understanding and resolution of conflicts.
Q68: What is the role of ‘gender perspectives’ in peace and conflict studies? a) They are often disregarded in conflict analysis b) They provide insights into how conflicts affect different genders and inform peacebuilding strategies c) They focus only on women’s roles in peace processes d) They emphasize traditional masculine approaches to conflict
Answer: b) They provide insights into how conflicts affect different genders and inform peacebuilding strategies Explanation: Gender perspectives highlight the unique experiences and contributions of various genders in conflict and peacebuilding processes.
Q69: Which theory focuses on the importance of addressing identity issues in resolving conflicts? a) Economic theory b) Social Identity Theory c) Game Theory d) Behavioral Theory
Answer: b) Social Identity Theory Explanation: Social Identity Theory examines how group identities influence behavior and conflict dynamics, highlighting the importance of addressing identity in resolution efforts.
Q70: What is a common method used in community-based peacebuilding initiatives? a) Military intervention b) Top-down approaches c) Grassroots dialogues and local engagement d) Economic sanctions
Answer: c) Grassroots dialogues and local engagement Explanation: Community-based peacebuilding emphasizes the involvement of local populations in dialogue and decision-making processes to foster sustainable peace.
Q71: What is ‘restorative justice’ in the context of peace studies? a) Punishing offenders to maintain order b) A process that focuses on healing and reconciliation between victims and offenders c) Ignoring past grievances d) Prioritizing economic restitution over emotional healing
Answer: b) A process that focuses on healing and reconciliation between victims and offenders Explanation: Restorative justice seeks to repair harm and restore relationships rather than solely punish offenders.
Q72: The concept of ‘human security’ expands the traditional notion of security to include: a) Only military threats b) Economic and social threats affecting individuals c) Political stability exclusively d) Environmental issues alone
Answer: b) Economic and social threats affecting individuals Explanation: Human security emphasizes the protection of individuals from various threats, including economic, health, and environmental challenges.
Q73: Which of the following is considered a key factor in conflict transformation? a) Ignoring underlying issues b) Engaging with all stakeholders and promoting dialogue c) Focusing solely on military solutions d) Emphasizing quick fixes
Answer: b) Engaging with all stakeholders and promoting dialogue Explanation: Conflict transformation involves addressing the root causes of conflict through inclusive dialogue and collaboration among all parties involved.
Q74: What does the term ‘civil society’ refer to in peace studies? a) Governmental institutions b) Organizations and groups that operate independently from the government c) Military organizations d) Private businesses
Answer: b) Organizations and groups that operate independently from the government Explanation: Civil society includes NGOs, community groups, and other organizations that play a vital role in advocating for peace and social justice.
Q75: Which of the following approaches focuses on creating a culture of peace? a) Militarization b) Peace education and community engagement c) Economic sanctions d) Political repression
Answer: b) Peace education and community engagement Explanation: Cultivating a culture of peace involves educating individuals and communities about conflict resolution, tolerance, and cooperation.
Q76: In the context of peace studies, what does the term ‘local ownership’ imply? a) Outsourcing peace processes to international actors b) Prioritizing the involvement of local communities in peacebuilding efforts c) Ignoring local perspectives d) Relying solely on government initiatives
Answer: b) Prioritizing the involvement of local communities in peacebuilding efforts Explanation: Local ownership emphasizes that sustainable peace must be driven by the affected communities’ needs and perspectives.
Q77: What is the significance of ‘peace indices’? a) They measure military capabilities b) They assess and rank countries based on their levels of peace and security c) They focus only on economic factors d) They have no relevance to conflict studies
Answer: b) They assess and rank countries based on their levels of peace and security Explanation: Peace indices provide valuable data for analyzing trends in peace and conflict, informing policymakers and researchers.
Q78: The concept of ‘transnational advocacy networks’ refers to: a) Networks focused exclusively on military strategies b) Groups that operate across borders to advocate for social change and peace c) National governmental bodies d) Local community organizations
Answer: b) Groups that operate across borders to advocate for social change and peace Explanation: Transnational advocacy networks work to promote peace and justice through collaboration across different countries and regions.
Q79: What does the term ‘collective security’ refer to? a) Individual nations acting alone b) An arrangement where states work together to ensure mutual defense c) A focus solely on economic security d) Nationalistic approaches to defense
Answer: b) An arrangement where states work together to ensure mutual defense Explanation: Collective security is based on the principle that an attack on one state is considered an attack on all, promoting cooperative defense strategies.
Q80: The role of education in peacebuilding primarily aims to: a) Promote militarization b) Foster understanding, tolerance, and conflict resolution skills c) Emphasize competitive approaches d) Focus solely on economic factors
Answer: b) Foster understanding, tolerance, and conflict resolution skills Explanation: Education in peacebuilding aims to equip individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary for resolving conflicts peacefully and promoting coexistence.
