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GSP 202 > Chpt 2 Basic Concept Of Peace Qnd Conflict > Flashcards

Chpt 2 Basic Concept Of Peace Qnd Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

QUESTION

A

OPTION 1

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2
Q
  1. (According to Howard (1971), peace is: A) The absence of war B) The presence of justice C) The maintenance of an orderly and just society D) The presence of war)
A

Answer: C) The maintenance of an orderly and just society

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3
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  1. (Galtung (1990) distinguishes between negative and positive peace based on: A) The presence of military forces B) The absence of direct, structural, and cultural violence C) The presence of economic resources D) The absence of government)
A

Answer: B) The absence of direct, structural, and cultural violence

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4
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  1. (Which of the following best describes Johan Galtung’s concept of “positive peace”? A) A state of non-violence only B) Absence of direct, structural, and cultural violence C) Absence of war D) A state of complete harmony with no conflicts)
A

Answer: B) Absence of direct, structural, and cultural violence

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5
Q
  1. (Miall (2004) contends that peace can be divided into: A) Five types B) Six meanings C) Four categories D) Seven forms)
A

Answer: B) Six meanings

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6
Q
  1. (Einstein (1968) argues that peace is: A) The absence of war only B) The presence of justice, law, and order C) The presence of military control D) The absence of injustice)
A

Answer: B) The presence of justice, law, and order

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7
Q
  1. (According to Francis (2006), peace includes the creation and maintenance of: A) Political chaos B) A just order in society C) Economic prosperity D) Military superiority)
A

Answer: B) A just order in society

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8
Q
  1. (Ibeanu (2006) views peace as: A) A state of eternal calm B) A dynamic process that involves reducing conflict and increasing development C) A political condition D) A state of constant tranquility)
A

Answer: B) A dynamic process that involves reducing conflict and increasing development

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9
Q
  1. (Nwolise (2009) identifies various levels of peace, which include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Family peace B) World peace C) National peace D) Religious peace)
A

Answer: A) Family peace

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10
Q
  1. (Peace is often conceptualized as a process because: A) It requires continuous effort and can degrade into conflict B) It is a static condition C) It involves military intervention only D) It is a religious process)
A

Answer: A) It requires continuous effort and can degrade into conflict

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11
Q
  1. (According to Trostle (2003), peace is: A) A condition of only absence of war B) A state of well-being characterized by trust, compassion, and justice C) A process that involves military peace enforcement D) A political arrangement between countries)
A

Answer: B) A state of well-being characterized by trust, compassion, and justice

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12
Q
  1. (Peacekeeping involves: A) Economic sanctions to enforce peace B) Political diplomacy through UN resolutions C) The deployment of multilateral forces to maintain ceasefire agreements D) Military occupation of conflict zones)
A

Answer: C) The deployment of multilateral forces to maintain ceasefire agreements

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13
Q
  1. (The UNSC is authorized by the UN Charter to: A) Impose sanctions on peaceful nations B) Deploy peacekeeping forces in conflict zones C) Negotiate peace treaties D) Act as an arbitrator between countries)
A

Answer: B) Deploy peacekeeping forces in conflict zones

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14
Q
  1. (Peace enforcement (PE) is defined as: A) The peaceful negotiation between states B) Multilateral military operations aimed at ending aggression C) The absence of war D) Diplomatic efforts to create agreements between conflicting parties)
A

Answer: B) Multilateral military operations aimed at ending aggression

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15
Q
  1. (One of the main principles guiding UN peacekeeping operations is: A) Consent of the parties involved in the conflict B) The use of force to resolve conflicts C) Military domination over other nations D) Absolute neutrality in conflicts)
A

Answer: A) Consent of the parties involved in the conflict

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16
Q
  1. (Peacebuilding, as coined by Galtung (1975), refers to: A) The negotiation of peace treaties between conflicting parties B) Rebuilding the institutions and infrastructures of nations torn by civil war C) The establishment of permanent military bases in conflict zones D) The protection of economic interests in post-conflict societies)
A

Answer: B) Rebuilding the institutions and infrastructures of nations torn by civil war

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17
Q
  1. (According to Broutros-Ghali (1992), peacebuilding involves: A) Encouraging military intervention in conflict zones B) Building bonds of peaceful mutual benefit among nations formerly at war C) The promotion of nationalism D) Establishing economic sanctions against war-torn nations)
A

Answer: B) Building bonds of peaceful mutual benefit among nations formerly at war

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18
Q
  1. (According to Lederach (1995), peacebuilding should be understood as: A) A series of military interventions B) A comprehensive concept involving a full range of processes to sustain peace C) The imposition of sanctions to restore peace D) A singular policy aimed at economic recovery)
A

Answer: B) A comprehensive concept involving a full range of processes to sustain peace

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19
Q
  1. (Conflict is often defined as: A) A clash of values, choices, and interests B) A peaceful resolution between two or more states C) A long-lasting political arrangement D) A form of international diplomacy)
A

Answer: A) A clash of values, choices, and interests

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20
Q
  1. (Conflict can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT: A) Communication gaps within groups B) Resources such as money, gold, or oil C) Misunderstanding of values D) Political indifference)
A

Answer: D) Political indifference

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21
Q
  1. (Religious conflicts often occur due to: A) Territorial disputes B) A clash of values and beliefs C) Economic power struggles D) Lack of military resources)
A

Answer: B) A clash of values and beliefs

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22
Q
  1. (Communication breakdowns in conflicts are often a result of: A) Economic disparities B) Poor listening and ambiguous messages C) Military aggression D) Cultural misunderstandings)
A

Answer: B) Poor listening and ambiguous messages

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23
Q
  1. (Peace enforcement operations require: A) The provision of humanitarian aid only B) Peaceful negotiations with the conflicting parties C) The use of force to separate belligerents or end aggression D) The imposition of economic sanctions)
A

Answer: C) The use of force to separate belligerents or end aggression

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24
Q
  1. (The legitimacy of peace enforcement operations is derived from: A) Regional peace organizations B) UN Security Council (UNSC) resolutions C) Military dominance D) Civilian support)
A

Answer: B) UN Security Council (UNSC) resolutions

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25
Q
  1. (The goal of peacebuilding includes: A) Restoring stability and effectiveness in post-conflict societies B) Prolonging conflict C) Strengthening military rule D) Decreasing international aid)
A

Answer: A) Restoring stability and effectiveness in post-conflict societies

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26
Q
  1. (Galtung’s definition of peace emphasizes the absence of: A) Military interventions B) Direct, structural, and cultural violence C) Economic inequality D) Social prosperity)
A

Answer: B) Direct, structural, and cultural violence

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27
Q
  1. (In the UN peacekeeping process, the main focus is on: A) Imposing military control over a region B) Maintaining the economic dominance of certain nations C) Restoring normalcy in the aftermath of conflict D) Building long-term economic structures)
A

Answer: C) Restoring normalcy in the aftermath of conflict

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28
Q
  1. (Peacebuilding policies aim at: A) Promoting short-term peace treaties B) Quickly ending conflicts with military force C) Maintaining the status quo D) Restoring peace in post-conflict societies through long-term strategies)
A

Answer: D) Restoring peace in post-conflict societies through long-term strategies

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29
Q
  1. What is the primary intent of war, according to Clausewitz? (A) To resolve cultural differences. (B) A continuation of political relations by other means. (C) To impose economic sanctions. (D) To achieve peace and reconciliation.
A

Answer: B) A continuation of political relations by other means.

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30
Q
  1. Which of the following acts are considered war crimes under international law? (A) Public protests against the government. (B) Economic sanctions on another country. (C) Political imprisonment. (D) Murder, torture, and rape.
A

Answer: D) Murder, torture, and rape.

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31
Q
  1. What is defined as physical violence? (A) Emotional trauma caused by conflict. (B) Harm done by an identifiable subject to an object of the action. (C) Psychological manipulation during war. (D) The denial of basic human rights.
A

Answer: B) Harm done by an identifiable subject to an object of the action.

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32
Q
  1. What does structural violence refer to? (A) Physical injury inflicted by armed forces. (B) Harm done to individuals as a result of unjust social structures. (C) Psychological harm from societal expectations. (D) Cultural practices that justify violence.
A

Answer: B) Harm done to individuals as a result of unjust social structures.

33
Q
  1. Which of the following is an example of direct violence? (A) Gender inequality. (B) Killings in a war. (C) Discrimination in the workplace. (D) Poverty in a society.
A

Answer: B) Killings in a war.

34
Q
  1. What type of violence refers to harms caused by societal structures that impede people’s development? (A) Structural violence. (B) Cultural violence. (C) Physical violence. (D) Spiritual violence.
A

Answer: A) Structural violence.

35
Q
  1. Psychological violence can be best described as: (A) Fear of non-existing situations or threats. (B) Physical harm inflicted during a conflict. (C) Harm caused by cultural practices. (D) Poverty and social alienation.
A

Answer: A) Fear of non-existing situations or threats.

36
Q
  1. Which of the following is an example of cultural violence? (A) Genital mutilation justified by cultural beliefs. (B) The use of weapons of mass destruction. (C) Destruction of non-military targets in war. (D) Physical harm during a robbery.
A

Answer: A) Genital mutilation justified by cultural beliefs.

37
Q
  1. Environmental violence refers to: (A) Harm caused to the environment by human actions. (B) Psychological harm from social conditions. (C) Physical violence between individuals. (D) Spiritual harm inflicted by supernatural forces.
A

Answer: A) Harm caused to the environment by human actions.

38
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT an example of environmental violence? (A) Pollution. (B) Deforestation. (C) Unemployment. (D) Global warming.
A

Answer: C) Unemployment.

39
Q
  1. Spiritual violence involves harm caused by: (A) Structural inequalities. (B) Spiritual beings or forces. (C) Economic exploitation. (D) Political oppression.
A

Answer: B) Spiritual beings or forces.

40
Q
  1. Which of the following best defines conflict prevention? (A) Efforts to prevent escalation of conflicts and remove sources of danger. (B) A military strategy to defeat an enemy. (C) Negotiations to avoid any form of violence. (D) Diplomatic talks to resolve conflicts after they occur.
A

Answer: A) Efforts to prevent escalation of conflicts and remove sources of danger.

41
Q
  1. Conflict management aims to: (A) Control and mitigate conflict situations to prevent escalation. (B) Eliminate the sources of conflict permanently. (C) Engage in open warfare to resolve disputes. (D) Reward the winning party in a conflict.
A

Answer: A) Control and mitigate conflict situations to prevent escalation.

42
Q
  1. What is the goal of conflict resolution? (A) To punish those responsible for the conflict. (B) To control and limit the impact of the conflict. (C) To address and transform the deep-rooted issues of conflict. (D) To separate conflicting parties without addressing underlying issues.
A

Answer: C) To address and transform the deep-rooted issues of conflict.

43
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about conflict resolution is true? (A) Conflict resolution always requires external intervention. (B) Conflict resolution refers to physical acts of violence. (C) Conflict resolution does not mean the complete removal of conflict from society. (D) Conflict resolution can only occur in military settings.
A

Answer: C) Conflict resolution does not mean the complete removal of conflict from society.

44
Q
  1. What does conflict transformation focus on? (A) Achieving a ceasefire between warring parties. (B) Addressing underlying structures, cultures, and institutions that perpetuate conflict. (C) Reducing the number of conflict participants. (D) Increasing the power of the dominant party.
A

Answer: B) Addressing underlying structures, cultures, and institutions that perpetuate conflict.

45
Q
  1. Which of the following is an example of a conflict transformation process? (A) Imposing sanctions on the conflicting parties. (B) Negotiating for a ceasefire without addressing the causes of the conflict. (C) Engaging in diplomatic talks to end the conflict temporarily. (D) Changing the agenda of the conflict and transforming relationships.
A

Answer: D) Changing the agenda of the conflict and transforming relationships.

46
Q
  1. What is Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)? (A) A formal judicial process for settling conflicts. (B) A strategy for escalating conflicts to end them more quickly. (C) A process that seeks to resolve conflicts outside of the court system. (D) A military tactic used to suppress revolts.
A

Answer: C) A process that seeks to resolve conflicts outside of the court system.

47
Q
  1. Which of the following is a benefit of ADR? (A) It guarantees that one party will win over the other. (B) It disregards the root causes of conflict. (C) It allows conflictants to own the resolution process. (D) It always involves military intervention.
A

Answer: C) It allows conflictants to own the resolution process.

48
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a type of ADR? (A) War crimes trials. (B) Mediation. (C) Arbitration. (D) Negotiation.
A

Answer: A) War crimes trials.

49
Q
  1. What is the primary reason ADR is appealing? (A) It increases the likelihood of military intervention. (B) It involves complex judicial procedures. (C) It offers an opportunity for mutual agreement rather than a win-lose outcome. (D) It guarantees a strict legal decision in favor of one party.
A

Answer: C) It offers an opportunity for mutual agreement rather than a win-lose outcome.

50
Q
  1. Which of the following is an example of physical violence? (A) Beatings during a conflict. (B) Fear of terrorist attacks. (C) Social alienation. (D) Psychological manipulation.
A

Answer: A) Beatings during a conflict.

51
Q
  1. What does the concept of “transformational conflict resolution” emphasize? (A) Temporarily containing conflicts without addressing their roots. (B) Involving only political leaders in the conflict resolution process. (C) Changing the underlying structures that create conflict. (D) Using force to end a conflict quickly.
A

Answer: C) Changing the underlying structures that create conflict.

52
Q
  1. Which type of violence can be justified by cultural beliefs or practices? (A) Psychological violence. (B) Physical violence. (C) Cultural violence. (D) Structural violence.
A

Answer: C) Cultural violence.

53
Q
  1. Which of the following is a form of psychological violence? (A) A soldier being tortured as a prisoner of war. (B) A person experiencing fear due to the threat of terrorism. (C) A community suffering from poverty due to economic oppression. (D) An individual physically assaulted during a robbery.
A

Answer: B) A person experiencing fear due to the threat of terrorism.

54
Q
  1. In the context of conflict resolution, what is a key challenge? (A) Conflicts always require external intervention for resolution. (B) Conflicts can be resolved purely through violence. (C) Conflicts are often inevitable and difficult to completely resolve. (D) Conflict resolution is only applicable to international relations.
A

Answer: C) Conflicts are often inevitable and difficult to completely resolve.

55
Q
  1. What does structural violence often manifest as? (A) The use of weapons in warfare. (B) Unequal power distribution and social conditions that hinder development. (C) A lack of psychological trauma. (D) Direct harm caused by physical assault.
A

Answer: B) Unequal power distribution and social conditions that hinder development.

56
Q
  1. What is the role of spiritual violence in African societies? (A) It refers to political violence against citizens. (B) It is justified through legal systems. (C) It is primarily linked to environmental harm. (D) It involves harm caused by spiritual beings or forces.
A

Answer: D) It involves harm caused by spiritual beings or forces.

57
Q
  1. What is a key characteristic of conflict management? (A) Involving only one side in the resolution process. (B) Limiting the escalation of conflict. (C) Encouraging complete annihilation of the opposition. (D) Ensuring that the conflict is permanently resolved.
A

Answer: B) Limiting the escalation of conflict.

58
Q
  1. What is one of the key purposes of conflict prevention? (A) To escalate conflict to create opportunities for negotiation. (B) To avoid violent outbreaks by addressing tensions early. (C) To encourage military intervention to end conflicts. (D) To justify the continuation of societal violence.
A

Answer: B) To avoid violent outbreaks by addressing tensions early.

59
Q
  1. (What is the referent object in traditional security approaches? A. Individuals B. The state C. Organizations D. The economy)
A

Answer: B. The state

60
Q
  1. (Non-traditional security approaches prioritize which referent object? A. Humans B. The state C. Military institutions D. Global organizations)
A

Answer: A. Humans

61
Q
  1. (According to Thakur and Newman (2004), what is the primary focus of human security? A. Securing the economy B. Strengthening military power C. Protecting people from life-threatening dangers D. Enhancing technological advancements)
A

Answer: C. Protecting people from life-threatening dangers

62
Q
  1. (The narrow school of human security focuses on threats from: A. Political violence by organized actors B. Environmental crises C. Economic instability D. Natural disasters)
A

Answer: A. Political violence by organized actors

63
Q
  1. (The broad school of human security expands its focus to include: A. All sources of insecurity to human populations B. Only environmental security C. Economic growth strategies D. State-centered threats)
A

Answer: A. All sources of insecurity to human populations

64
Q
  1. (Buzan (1991) identified how many dimensions of security? A. Five B. Ten C. Seven D. Fifteen)
A

Answer: A. Five

65
Q
  1. (Who argued in favor of fifteen dimensions of security based on African experiences? A. Nwolise (2009) B. Kerr (2007) C. Buzan (1991) D. Collin (2007))
A

Answer: B. Kerr (2007)

66
Q
  1. (Which of the following is NOT a dimension of security identified by Nwolise? A. Spiritual security B. Psychological security C. Educational security D. Image security)
A

Answer: C. Educational security

67
Q
  1. (What does Wolfer (1962) define security as in its subjective sense? A. Absence of fear that acquired values will be attacked B. Economic growth and stability C. Protection against environmental threats D. Military might of a nation)
A

Answer: A. Absence of fear that acquired values will be attacked

68
Q
  1. (Which concept involves governmental actions in conflict resolution? A. Track 1: Government B. Track 2: Non-government C. Track 3: Business D. Track 4: Private Citizens)
A

Answer: A. Track 1: Government

69
Q
  1. (Track 2 diplomacy primarily involves: A. Non-governmental and professional individuals B. Government agencies C. Military organizations D. Business corporations)
A

Answer: A. Non-governmental and professional individuals

70
Q
  1. (Track 3 diplomacy focuses on: A. Bridging socio-economic opportunities B. Political security C. Military strength D. Religious harmony)
A

Answer: A. Bridging socio-economic opportunities

71
Q
  1. (Track 4 diplomacy emphasizes the role of: A. Private citizens B. Religious leaders C. Donor agencies D. Military institutions)
A

Answer: A. Private citizens

72
Q
  1. (What is the primary role of Track 5 diplomacy? A. Research, training, and education B. Advocacy for marginalized groups C. Bridging socio-economic gaps D. Promoting religious values)
A

Answer: A. Research, training, and education

73
Q
  1. (Track 6 diplomacy is often referred to as the: A. Fire-brand model B. Intellectual hub C. Socio-economic bridge D. Opinion molding organ)
A

Answer: A. Fire-brand model

74
Q
  1. (The engagement of religious leaders in conflict resolution is categorized under: A. Track 7 B. Track 5 C. Track 3 D. Track 2)
A

Answer: A. Track 7

75
Q
  1. (Which track focuses on the role of donor communities? A. Track 8 B. Track 6 C. Track 7 D. Track 4)
A

Answer: A. Track 8

76
Q
  1. (Media’s role in shaping perceptions during conflicts is part of: A. Track 9 B. Track 7 C. Track 5 D. Track 2)
A

Answer: A. Track 9

77
Q
  1. (Which of these is NOT a key value of Multi-Track Diplomacy? A. Promoting unilateral conflict resolution B. Including multiple stakeholders C. Addressing conflict through diverse approaches D. Encouraging creative and flexible solutions)
A

Answer: A. Promoting unilateral conflict resolution

78
Q
  1. (The concept of Multi-Track Diplomacy was developed by: A. John McDonald and Louise Diamond B. Joseph Montville and Collin C. Buzan and Kerr D. Nwolise and Thakur)
A

Answer: A. John McDonald and Louise Diamond

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