chemistry_20151006230058 Flashcards
1
Q
Accuracy
A
How close an experimental measurement is to the true value
2
Q
density
A
The mass of a substance divided by its volume
3
Q
Derived unit
A
A metric unit that is created by adding a prefix to a base unit
4
Q
Kelvin Scale
A
A temperature scale in which 0 degrees is the lowest possible temperature
5
Q
mass
A
The resistance of a sample of matter to being accelerated, generally used interchangeably with weight
6
Q
Precision
A
How close multiple measurements are to one another
7
Q
standard
A
an object or substance that is used to check the accuracy of a measuring device
8
Q
unit
A
A standard, defined amount that is used to express other measurements.
9
Q
volume
A
The amount of space an object occupies
10
Q
weight
A
the force exerted by a gravitational field on an object that is directly proportional to its mass
11
Q
temperature
A
A measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance
12
Q
heat
A
The energy transferred between objects because of a difference in their temperatures only
13
Q
extensive property
A
A property, such as mass, that depends on the quantity of substance present
14
Q
intensive property
A
A property such as density that does not depend on the quantity of substance present
15
Q
uncertainity
A
A characteristic of every measurement that results from the inexactness of the measuring device and the need to estimate when taking a reading
16
Q
Ammonium
A
NH4 +1
17
Q
Carbonate
A
CO3 -2
18
Q
Chlorate
A
ClO3 -1
19
Q
Chromate
A
CrO4 -2
20
Q
Cyanide
A
CN -1
21
Q
Dihydrogen phosphate
A
H2PO4 -1
22
Q
Acetate
A
CH3COO -1
23
Q
Hydrogen carbonate
A
HCO3 -1
24
Q
Hydrogen phosphate (
A
HPO4 -2
25
Hydrogen sulfate
HSO4 -1
26
Hydroxide
OH -1
27
Hydrogen sulfide
HS -1
28
Nitrite
NO2 -1
29
Nitrate
NO3 -1
30
Oxalate
C2O4 -2
31
Perchlorate
ClO4 -1
32
Permanganate
MnO4 -1
33
Phosphate
PO4 -3
34
Phosphite
PO3 -3
35
Sulfate
SO4 -2
36
Sulfite
SO3 -2
37
Mercury I
Hg2 +2
38
Mercury II
Hg +2
39
Copper I
Cu +
40
Copper II
Cu 2+
41
Iron II
Fe 2+
42
Iron III
Fe 3+
43
Tin IV
Sn 4+
44
Lead II
Pb 2+
45
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
46
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
47
Hydrobromic acid
HBr
48
Hydroiodic acid
HI
49
nitric acid
HNO3
50
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
51
Sulfurous acid
H2SO3
52
Chloric acid
HClO3
53
Perchloric acid
HClO4
54
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
55
H
1) Hydrogen1A
56
He
2)Helium8A-but only has 2 valence electrons
57
C
6)Carbon4A
58
N
7)Nitrogen5A
59
O
8)Oxygen6A
60
F
9)Fluorine7A
61
Na
11)Sodium1A
62
Mg
12)Magnesium2A
63
Al
13)Aluminum3A
64
Si
14)Silicon4A
65
P
15)Phosphorus5A
66
S
16)Sulfur6A
67
Cl
17)Chlorine7A
68
K
19)Potassium1A
69
Ca
20)Calcium2A
70
Cr
24)Chromium6B
71
Mn
25)Manganese7B
72
Fe
26)Iron8B
73
Co
27)Cobalt8B
74
Cu
29)Copper1B
75
Zn
30)Zinc2B
76
Se
34)Selenium6A
77
Br
35)Bromine7A
78
Mo
42)Molybdenum6B
79
Ag
47)Silver1B
80
I
53)Iodine7A
81
Sn
50)Tin4A
82
Ba
56)Barium2A
83
Au
79)Gold1B
84
Hg
80)Mercury2B
85
Pb
82)Lead4A
86
atom
The smallest particle of an element
87
atomic mass unit
A unit of mass used to describe atoms and molecules, approximately equal to the mass of a proton or a neutron.
88
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom, used to identify the element
89
Atomic weight
The average mass of all atoms of an element on Earth
90
Avogadro's number
The number of particles in one mole
91
Chemical formula
A way to represent the numbers and types of atoms in a chemical compound
92
Chemical substance
A substance that is made from two or more elements in a fixed ratio
93
Electrically neutral atom
An atom that has no electrical charge
94
Electron
A subatomic particle; the negatively charged component of atoms
95
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
96
Extensive property
A properties who numerical value depends o the amount of substance, such as mass or volume
97
formula unit
A group of atoms corresponding to a chemical formula
98
Formula weight
The mass of a single formula unit
99
Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture that contains two or more visibly distinct components
100
Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture in which all components are evenly distributed
101
Intensive property
A measurable property that does not depend on the amount of substance, such as density
102
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have a different set of neutrons
103
Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
104
matter
anything that has a mass
105
metal
an element or mixture of elements characterized by shiny appearance, ability to be molded without breaking, and conduct heat and electricity
106
Mixture
A combination of two or more substances in which the relative amounts of the substances can be varied
107
mole
An amount of a substance equal to its formula weight expressed in grams: 6.022x10^23
108
neutron
A subatomic particle; the electrically neutral component in atoms
109
noble gas
an element in group 8A
110
non-metal
An element characterized by dull appearance, brittleness,and does not conduct heat or electricity
111
nucleus
The cluster of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom
112
period
The elements in horizontal row of the periodic table
113
periodic table
A table that arranges the chemical elements based on their chemical properties
114
property
anything about matter that can be measured or observed
115
proton
a subatomic particle; the positively charged components of atoms
116
representative element
An element in groups 1A through 2A or 3A through 8A
117
Subatomic particles
A proton, neutron, and electron; one of the three particles that make up an atom
118
anion
A negatively charged ion
119
binary compound
A compound made from two elements
120
bonding electron pair
A pair of valence electrons that is shared by two atoms and that holds the atoms close to each other
121
cation
A positively charged ion
122
Chemical bond
An attractive force that holds atoms together in a chemical compound
123
Covalent bond
A chemical compound that is formed by the sharing of two electrons between two atoms
124
double bond
a covalent bond in which four elections are shared between two atoms
125
electronegativity
A measure of the attraction of an element for electrons
126
ion
An aotm or group of atoms in which the numbers of protons and electrons are different
127
ionic compound
A chemical compound that is made from ions
128
molecule
An electrically neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
129
monatomic ion
An ion that consists of a single charged atom
130
nonbonding electron pair
A pair of valence electrons that is not shared with another atom
131
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which neither atom has an electrical charge
132
octet rule
the tendency of atoms to have 8 valence electrons when they form molecules or ions.
133
polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared unequally
134
polyatomic ion
an ion that contains more than one atom
135
rule of charge balance
the rule that any ionic compound have equal amounts of positive and negative charge.
136
single bond
A covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons
137
triple bond
A covalent bond in which 6 electrons are shared between two atoms
138
stoichiometry
The study of the mass-mole-number relationships of chemical formulas and reactions
139
reactant
A starting substance in a chemical reaction
140
product
A substance formed in a chemical reaction
141
chemical equation
A statement that uses chemical formulas to express the identities and quantities of the substances involved in a chemical or physical change.
142
structural formula
A formula that shows the actual number of atoms, their relative placement, and the bonds between them.
143
combustion analysis
A method for determining the formula of a compound from the amounts of its combustion products.
144
isomer
One of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different properties, often as a result of different arrangements of atoms
145
empirical formula
A chemical formula that shows the lowest relative number of atoms of each element in a compound
146
molecular formula
A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in molecule of a compound
147
aldehyde
An organic compound that contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon dioxide
148
carbonyl group
A functional group that contains a carbon atom and an oxygen atom linked by a double bond
149
carboxylic acid
An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group
150
dehydrogenation reaction
A reaction in which an organic compound loses two hydrogen atoms, creating an alkene group
151
disulfide
An organic compound that contains two sulfur atoms bonded to each other; each sulfur atom is bonded to an alkyl group
152
hydrogenation reaction
A reaction in which an alkene or alone gains hydrogen atoms, becoming an alkane or an alkene
153
ketone
An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl groups
154
metabolic pathway
A sequence of reactions in a living organism that converts one key molecule into another
155
oxidation reaction
A reaction that removes two hydrogen atoms from one or more molecules
156
reduction reaction
A reaction that adds hydrogen atoms to a molecule
157
alkylammonium ion
A cation in which a nitrogen atom forms four bonds, at least one of which is to an alkyl group
158
amine
An organic compound that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to a combination of alkyl groups and hydrogen atoms
159
carboxylate ion
An anion that is formed when a carboxylic acid loses a hydrogen ion
160
decarboxylation reaction
A reaction in which a carboxylic acid breaks down into a molecule of carbon dioxide and a smaller organic molecule
161
oxidative decarboxylation
A reaction between a carboxylic acid and a thiol that produces a thirster and a molecule of carbon dioxide
162
thioester
An organic compound that contains a surfer atom bonded to a carbonyl group and an alkyl group
163
zwitterion
An electrically neutral molecule that contains a positively ionized group and a negatively ionized group
164
amidation reaction
A reaction in which a carboxylic acid and an amine combine to form an amide
165
amide
An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom
166
anabolic pathway
The metabolic pathways that build large molecules from smaller ones and that consume energy
167
ATP Cycle
The reactions that make ATP from ADP and phosphate and then break the ATP back down, storing energy and then releasing it
168
catabolic pathway
The metabolic pathways that break down large molecules into smaller ones and that release energy
169
condensation reaction
A reaction in which two molecules combined to make a larger molecule and a molecule of water.
170
copolymer
A large molecule that is built from alternating molecules of two smaller substances
171
ester
An organic compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to both a carbonyl group and an alkyl group
172
esterification reaction
A reaction that combines an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to make an ester
173
ether
An organic compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups
174
hydrolysis reaction
A reaction in which a large molecule reacts with water, forming two smaller molecules
175
metabolism
All of the reactions that occur in a living organism
176
phosphoester
A compound formed when a phosphate ion condenses with an alcohol
177
phosphorylation reaction
A reaction that adds a phosphate group to another molecule
178
polymer
A large molecule that is built from repeating molecules of a smaller substance
179
saponification reaction
The reaction of an ester with a strong base to form an alcohol and a carboxylate salt
180
soap
A sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid
181
active site
The location on the surface of an enzyme where the substrates bind to the enzyme and the reaction occurs
182
activity
The number of reaction cycles that an enzyme catalyzes per second
183
alpha carbon
The carbon atom in an amino acid that is between the carboxyl group and the amino group
184
alpha helix
A protein structure in which the polypeptide backbone folds into a tight coil
185
amino acid
An organic compound that contains an amino group and a carboxyl group separated by one carbon atom
186
beta sheet
Protein structure in which the polypeptide backbone folds into a set of parallel strands
187
coenzyme
An organic molecule that is required by an enzyme
188
cofactor
Any substance that is required by an enzyme
189
competitive inhibitor
A molecule that fits into the active site of an enzyme and prevents the normal substrate from entering
190
C-terminal amino acid
The amino acid that contains a free carboxyl group in a polypeptide
191
Denature
To change the way a polypeptide is folded, normally rendering the polypeptide inactive
192
effector
A molecule or ion that binds an enzyme outside of the active site and changes the activity of the enzyme
193
enzyme-product complex
The combination of an enzyme and the products of the reaction it catalyzes, while the products remain in the active site.
194
enzyme-substrate complex
the combination of an enzyme and the reactants of the reaction it catalyzes. The reactant molecules bound to active site
195
essential amino acid
An amino acid that humans cannot make from other nutrients and must be present in a diet
196
hydrophilic interaction
The attraction of hydrophilic amino acid side chains to the water molecules that surround a protein
197
hydrophobic interaction
The tendency of hydrophobic amino acid side chains to cluster in the center of a protein, avoiding surrounding water molecules
198
nitrogen cycle
The series of chemical and biological reactions that interconvert N2, inorganic ions such as NH4 and NO3-
199
nitrogen fixation
The reactions that convert N2 into nitrogen containing compounds
200
nonessential amino acid
An amino acid that humans can make from other nutrients
201
N-terminal amino acid
The amino acid that contains a free amino group in a polypeptide
202
peptide bond
The covalent bond between nitrogen and carbon that links consecutive amino acids into polypeptide
203
Peptide group
The amide group that links consecutive amino acids in a polypeptide
204
polypeptide
A molecule that is built from amino acids linked by peptide bonds; a protein
205
primary structure
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
206
Protein
A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order.
207
quaternary structure
The way that two or more polypeptide chains bing together to form an active protein
208
secondary structure
The coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that is a result of hydrogen bonding between peptide groups
209
side chain
The portion of an amino acid that distinguishes it from other amino acids
210
substrate
A reactant in a reaction that is categorized by an enzyme
211
tietiary structure
The folding of a polypeptide chain that is a result of interacting involving amino acid side chains
212
triple helix
A protein structure in which three polypeptide chains coil around one another
213
urea cycle
The sequence of reactions by which humans convert ammonium ions into urea
214
alcoholic fermentation
An energy producing metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide
215
anomers
One of the two isomeric forms of a carbohydrate that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group attached to the hemiacetal carbon atom.
216
carbohydrate
An organic compound with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, or a large molecule built fro compounds that have this ratio.
217
Krebs cycle
A catabolic pathway that breaks down the acetyl-CoA into CO2, producing energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2
218
disaccharide
A carbohydrate that is built from two molecules of simple sugars
219
fermentation
A catabolic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates using the reactions of glycolysis, but that doesn't require oxygen and doesn't produce NADH and FADH2
220
glycolysis
A catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing energy in the forms of ATP and NADH
221
glycosidic linkage
The chemical link between simple sugars in a disaccharide or polysaccharide
222
hemiacetal
An organic compound that is formed when an alcohol combines with an aldehyde or a ketone
223
high energy molecule
A biological compound that produces a significant amount of energy when it is hydrolyzed, such as ATP
224
lactic acid fermentation
A metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into lactate ions
225
monosaccharide
The simplest type of carbohydrate
226
polysaccharide
A carbohydrate that is built from many simple sugars linked together
227
reducing sugar
A mono- or disaccharide that contains a hemiacetal group, allowing it to be oxidized easily
228
storage polysaccharide
A polysaccharide whose primary function is a fuel source for an organism
229
structural polysaccharide
A polysaccharide whose primary function is to supply the rigid framework of an organism
230
beta oxidation
A metabolic pathway that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA
231
essential fatty acid
A fatty acid that humans cannot make from other nutrients and that must be present in the diet
232
fatty acid
An unbranched, long chain carboxylic acid that is used by living organisms to make fats
233
glycerophospholipids
An organic compound built from glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate ion, and one other polar or ionized substance
234
lipid
A biomolecule that is insoluble in water and is not a protein or a carbohydrate
235
monoglyceride
A biomolecule that is made from glycerol and one fatty acid; one of the products of the digestion of fats
236
oxidative phosphorylation
The sequence of metabolic reactions that oxidize NADH and FADH2 and uses the resulting energy to convert ADP into ATP
237
triglyceride
An organic molecule built from glycerol and three fatty acids; a major fuel source for many types of cells
238
reduction reaction
A reaction that adds hydrogen atoms to a molecule
239
zwitterion
An electrically neutral molecule that contains a positively ionized group and a negatively ionized group
240
primary structure of a protein
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
241
alpha helix
A protein structure in which the polypeptide backbone folds into a tight coil
242
competitive inhibitor of an enzyme
A molecule that fits into the active site of an enzyme and prevents the normal substrate from entering
243
effector of an enzyme
A molecule or ion that binds an enzyme outside of the active site and changes the activity of an enzyme
244
polypeptide
A molecule that is built from amino acids linked by peptide bonds; a protein
245
carbohydrate
An organic compound with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
246
lipid
A biomolecule that is insoluble in water and is not a protein or a carbohydrate
247
fatty acid
An unbranched, long chain carboxylic acid that is used by living organisms to make fats
248
accuracy
How close an experimental measurement is to the true value
249
atom
The smallest particle of an element
250
atomic number
The number of protons in an atom, used to identify the element
251
electron
A subatomic particle; the negatively charged component of atoms
252
mole
An amount of a substance equal to its formula weight expressed in grams
253
valence electrons
An electron in the outermost shell of an atom
254
valence shell
The outermost shell of an atom
255
cation
A positively charged ion
256
electronegativity
A measure of the attraction of an element for electrons
257
octet rule
The tendency of atoms to have eight valence electrons when they form molecules or ions
258
dipole dipole attraction
The attraction between oppositely charged regions in two polar molecules
259
ion-ion attraction
The attraction between oppositely charged ions
260
solvent
The primary liquid component of a solution
261
law of conservation of energy
The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
262
activation of energy
The minimum energy that reactant molecules must have to react
263
electrolyte
A substance tat conducts electricity when it dissolves in water
264
specific heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1C
265
solute
One component of a solution either the component that disappears during the dissolving process or the liquid that is present in the smaller amount
266
chemical equilibrium
A stable mixture of products and reactants in which the rates of the forward reaction and reverse reaction are equal
267
heat of reaction
The amount of heat absurd or given off by a chemical reaction
268
acid
a molecule or ion that can donate a hydrogen ion to another molecule or ion
269
base
A molecule or ion that can bond to a hydrogen ion
270
conjugate pair
Two substances whose formulas differ by one hydrogen ion
271
buffer
A solution that resists pH changes when acids or bases are added to it
272
alkane
An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by single bonds
273
alkene
An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms and that contains a carbon-carbon double bond
274
alcohol
an organic compound that contains an OH group bonded to an alkyl group
275
saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon that does not contain any double or triple bonds
276
VSEPR
The principle that valence electrons around an atom arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible
277
enantiomer
Mirror image forms of a compound that are not superimposable
278
Thermodynamics
The study of heat and its interconversions
279
Thermochemistry
The branch of thermodynamics that focuses on the heat involved in chemical and physical change
280
System
The defined part of the universe under study
281
Surroundings
All parts of the universe other than the system being considered
282
Internal Energy
The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energies of all the particles in a system
283
heat
The energy transformed between objects because of a difference in their temperatures only
284
work
The energy transferred when an object is moved by a force
285
law of conservation of energy
A basic observation that the total energy of the universe is constant
286
joule
The SI Unit of energy; 1J=1kg(m^2/s^2)
287
calorie
A unit of energy defined as exactly 4.184J; originally defined as the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree Celsius
288
state function
A property of the system determined by its current state, regardless of how it arrived at that state
289
pressure-volume work
A type of work in which a volume change occurs against an external pressure
290
enthalpy
A thermodynamic quantity that is the sum of the internal energy plus the product of the pressure and volume
291
change in enthalpy
The change in internal energy plus the product of the constant pressure and the change in volume
292
exothermic process
A process that occurs with a release of heat to the surroundings and therefore a decrease in the enthalpy of the system
293
enthalpy diagram
A graphic depiction of the enthalpy change of system
294
endothermic process
A process that occurs with an absorption of heat from the surroundings and therefore an increase in the enthalpy of the system
295
heat capacity
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1 degree Kelvin
296
specific heat capacity
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a material by 1K
297
molar heat capacity
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 mol of a substance, in units of g/mol
298
calorimeter
a device used to measure the heat released or absorbed by a physical or chemical process taking place within it
299
thermochemical equation
A chemical equation that shows the heat involved for the amounts of substances specified
300
Hess's law
A law stating that the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of the individual steps
301
standard state
A set of specifications used to compare thermodynamic data: one atm for gases behaving ideally, 1M for dissolved species, or the pure substance for liquids and solids
302
standard enthalpy of reaction
The enthalpy change that occurs during a reaction when all components are in their standard states
303
formation equation
An equation in which 1 mole of a compound forms from its elements
304
standard enthalpy of formation
The enthalpy change occurring when 1mol of a compound forms from its elements with all components in their standard states
305
fossil fuel
Any fuel, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas, derived from the products of the decay of dead organisms
306
Polar molecule
A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge as a result of its polar bonds and shape.
307
solvated
Surrounded closely by solvent molecules.
308
electrolyte
a substance that conducts a current when it dissolves in water. A mixture of ions, in which the electrodes of an electrochemical cell are immersed, that conducts a current.
309
nonelectrolyte
A substance whose aquesous solution does not conduct an electric current.
310
Molecular equation
A chemical equation showing a reaction in solution in which reactants and products appear as intact, undissociated compounds.
311
total ionic equation
an equation for an aqueous reaction that shows all the soluble ionic substance dissociated into ions.
312
Spectator ion
an ion that is present as part of a reactant but is not involved in the chemical change.
313
net ionic equation
a chemical equation of a reaction in solution in which spectator ions have been eliminated to show the actual chemical change.
314
Precipitation reaction
A reaction in which two soluble ionic compounds form an insoluble product, a precipitate.
315
Precipitate
The insoluble product of a precipitation reaction
316
metathesis reaction
A reaction in which atoms or ions of two compounds exchange bonding partners.
317
acid-base reaction
Any reaction between an acid and a base
318
acid
In common Laboratory terms, any species that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water
319
base
any species that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water.
320
salt
An ionic compound that results from an Arrhenius acid-base reaction after solvent is removed
321
titration
A method of determining the concentration of a solution by monitoring relative amounts during its reaction with a solution of known concentration
322
equivalence point
the point in a titration when the number of moles of the added species is stoichiometrically equivalent to the original number of moles of the other species.
323
end point
the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color.
324
oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
a process in which there is a net movement of electrons from one reactant to another.
325
oxidation
the loss of electrons by a species, accompanied by an increase in oxidation number.
326
reduction
the gain of electrons by a species, accompanied by a decrease in oxidation number
327
oxidizing agent
thee substance that accepts electrons in a reaction and undergoes a decrease in oxidation number
328
oxidizing number
A number equal to the magnitude of the charge an atom would have if its sheared electrons were held completely by the atom that attracts them more strongly
329
reducing agent
the substance that donate electrons in a redox reaction and undergoes an increase in oxidation number
330
activity series of the metals
a listing of metals arranged in order of decreasing strength if the metal as a reducing agent in aqueous reaction
331
hydrogen
H+
332
lithium
Li+
333
sodium
Na+
334
potassium
K+
335
cesium
Cs+
336
silver
Ag+
337
magnesium
Mg2+
338
calcium
Ca2+
339
strontium
Sr2+
340
barium
Ba2+
341
zinc
Zn2+
342
cadmium
Cd2+
343
aluminum
Al3+
344
hydride
H-
345
fluoride
F-
346
chloride
Cl-
347
bromide
Br-
348
iodide
I-
349
oxide
O2-
350
sulfide
S2-
351
nitride
N3-
