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chemistry_20151006230058 Flashcards

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

How close an experimental measurement is to the true value

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2
Q

density

A

The mass of a substance divided by its volume

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3
Q

Derived unit

A

A metric unit that is created by adding a prefix to a base unit

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4
Q

Kelvin Scale

A

A temperature scale in which 0 degrees is the lowest possible temperature

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5
Q

mass

A

The resistance of a sample of matter to being accelerated, generally used interchangeably with weight

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6
Q

Precision

A

How close multiple measurements are to one another

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7
Q

standard

A

an object or substance that is used to check the accuracy of a measuring device

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8
Q

unit

A

A standard, defined amount that is used to express other measurements.

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9
Q

volume

A

The amount of space an object occupies

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10
Q

weight

A

the force exerted by a gravitational field on an object that is directly proportional to its mass

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11
Q

temperature

A

A measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance

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12
Q

heat

A

The energy transferred between objects because of a difference in their temperatures only

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13
Q

extensive property

A

A property, such as mass, that depends on the quantity of substance present

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14
Q

intensive property

A

A property such as density that does not depend on the quantity of substance present

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15
Q

uncertainity

A

A characteristic of every measurement that results from the inexactness of the measuring device and the need to estimate when taking a reading

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16
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4 +1

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17
Q

Carbonate

A

CO3 -2

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18
Q

Chlorate

A

ClO3 -1

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19
Q

Chromate

A

CrO4 -2

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20
Q

Cyanide

A

CN -1

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21
Q

Dihydrogen phosphate

A

H2PO4 -1

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22
Q

Acetate

A

CH3COO -1

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23
Q

Hydrogen carbonate

A

HCO3 -1

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24
Q

Hydrogen phosphate (

A

HPO4 -2

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25
Q

Hydrogen sulfate

A

HSO4 -1

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26
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH -1

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27
Q

Hydrogen sulfide

A

HS -1

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28
Q

Nitrite

A

NO2 -1

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29
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3 -1

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30
Q

Oxalate

A

C2O4 -2

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31
Q

Perchlorate

A

ClO4 -1

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32
Q

Permanganate

A

MnO4 -1

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33
Q

Phosphate

A

PO4 -3

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34
Q

Phosphite

A

PO3 -3

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35
Q

Sulfate

A

SO4 -2

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36
Q

Sulfite

A

SO3 -2

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37
Q

Mercury I

A

Hg2 +2

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38
Q

Mercury II

A

Hg +2

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39
Q

Copper I

A

Cu +

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40
Q

Copper II

A

Cu 2+

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41
Q

Iron II

A

Fe 2+

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42
Q

Iron III

A

Fe 3+

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43
Q

Tin IV

A

Sn 4+

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44
Q

Lead II

A

Pb 2+

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45
Q

Acetic acid

A

CH3COOH

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46
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

HCl

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47
Q

Hydrobromic acid

A

HBr

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48
Q

Hydroiodic acid

A

HI

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49
Q

nitric acid

A

HNO3

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50
Q

Sulfuric acid

A

H2SO4

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51
Q

Sulfurous acid

A

H2SO3

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52
Q

Chloric acid

A

HClO3

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53
Q

Perchloric acid

A

HClO4

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54
Q

Phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4

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55
Q

H

A

1) Hydrogen1A

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56
Q

He

A

2)Helium8A-but only has 2 valence electrons

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57
Q

C

A

6)Carbon4A

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58
Q

N

A

7)Nitrogen5A

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59
Q

O

A

8)Oxygen6A

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60
Q

F

A

9)Fluorine7A

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61
Q

Na

A

11)Sodium1A

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62
Q

Mg

A

12)Magnesium2A

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63
Q

Al

A

13)Aluminum3A

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64
Q

Si

A

14)Silicon4A

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65
Q

P

A

15)Phosphorus5A

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66
Q

S

A

16)Sulfur6A

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67
Q

Cl

A

17)Chlorine7A

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68
Q

K

A

19)Potassium1A

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69
Q

Ca

A

20)Calcium2A

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70
Q

Cr

A

24)Chromium6B

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71
Q

Mn

A

25)Manganese7B

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72
Q

Fe

A

26)Iron8B

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73
Q

Co

A

27)Cobalt8B

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74
Q

Cu

A

29)Copper1B

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75
Q

Zn

A

30)Zinc2B

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76
Q

Se

A

34)Selenium6A

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77
Q

Br

A

35)Bromine7A

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78
Q

Mo

A

42)Molybdenum6B

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79
Q

Ag

A

47)Silver1B

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80
Q

I

A

53)Iodine7A

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81
Q

Sn

A

50)Tin4A

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82
Q

Ba

A

56)Barium2A

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83
Q

Au

A

79)Gold1B

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84
Q

Hg

A

80)Mercury2B

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85
Q

Pb

A

82)Lead4A

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86
Q

atom

A

The smallest particle of an element

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87
Q

atomic mass unit

A

A unit of mass used to describe atoms and molecules, approximately equal to the mass of a proton or a neutron.

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88
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom, used to identify the element

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89
Q

Atomic weight

A

The average mass of all atoms of an element on Earth

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90
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

The number of particles in one mole

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91
Q

Chemical formula

A

A way to represent the numbers and types of atoms in a chemical compound

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92
Q

Chemical substance

A

A substance that is made from two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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93
Q

Electrically neutral atom

A

An atom that has no electrical charge

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94
Q

Electron

A

A subatomic particle; the negatively charged component of atoms

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95
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

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96
Q

Extensive property

A

A properties who numerical value depends o the amount of substance, such as mass or volume

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97
Q

formula unit

A

A group of atoms corresponding to a chemical formula

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98
Q

Formula weight

A

The mass of a single formula unit

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99
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

A mixture that contains two or more visibly distinct components

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100
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

A mixture in which all components are evenly distributed

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101
Q

Intensive property

A

A measurable property that does not depend on the amount of substance, such as density

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102
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have a different set of neutrons

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103
Q

Mass number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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104
Q

matter

A

anything that has a mass

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105
Q

metal

A

an element or mixture of elements characterized by shiny appearance, ability to be molded without breaking, and conduct heat and electricity

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106
Q

Mixture

A

A combination of two or more substances in which the relative amounts of the substances can be varied

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107
Q

mole

A

An amount of a substance equal to its formula weight expressed in grams: 6.022x10^23

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108
Q

neutron

A

A subatomic particle; the electrically neutral component in atoms

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109
Q

noble gas

A

an element in group 8A

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110
Q

non-metal

A

An element characterized by dull appearance, brittleness,and does not conduct heat or electricity

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111
Q

nucleus

A

The cluster of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom

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112
Q

period

A

The elements in horizontal row of the periodic table

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113
Q

periodic table

A

A table that arranges the chemical elements based on their chemical properties

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114
Q

property

A

anything about matter that can be measured or observed

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115
Q

proton

A

a subatomic particle; the positively charged components of atoms

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116
Q

representative element

A

An element in groups 1A through 2A or 3A through 8A

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117
Q

Subatomic particles

A

A proton, neutron, and electron; one of the three particles that make up an atom

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118
Q

anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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119
Q

binary compound

A

A compound made from two elements

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120
Q

bonding electron pair

A

A pair of valence electrons that is shared by two atoms and that holds the atoms close to each other

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121
Q

cation

A

A positively charged ion

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122
Q

Chemical bond

A

An attractive force that holds atoms together in a chemical compound

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123
Q

Covalent bond

A

A chemical compound that is formed by the sharing of two electrons between two atoms

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124
Q

double bond

A

a covalent bond in which four elections are shared between two atoms

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125
Q

electronegativity

A

A measure of the attraction of an element for electrons

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126
Q

ion

A

An aotm or group of atoms in which the numbers of protons and electrons are different

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127
Q

ionic compound

A

A chemical compound that is made from ions

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128
Q

molecule

A

An electrically neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

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129
Q

monatomic ion

A

An ion that consists of a single charged atom

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130
Q

nonbonding electron pair

A

A pair of valence electrons that is not shared with another atom

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131
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

a covalent bond in which neither atom has an electrical charge

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132
Q

octet rule

A

the tendency of atoms to have 8 valence electrons when they form molecules or ions.

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133
Q

polar covalent bond

A

a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared unequally

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134
Q

polyatomic ion

A

an ion that contains more than one atom

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135
Q

rule of charge balance

A

the rule that any ionic compound have equal amounts of positive and negative charge.

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136
Q

single bond

A

A covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons

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137
Q

triple bond

A

A covalent bond in which 6 electrons are shared between two atoms

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138
Q

stoichiometry

A

The study of the mass-mole-number relationships of chemical formulas and reactions

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139
Q

reactant

A

A starting substance in a chemical reaction

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140
Q

product

A

A substance formed in a chemical reaction

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141
Q

chemical equation

A

A statement that uses chemical formulas to express the identities and quantities of the substances involved in a chemical or physical change.

142
Q

structural formula

A

A formula that shows the actual number of atoms, their relative placement, and the bonds between them.

143
Q

combustion analysis

A

A method for determining the formula of a compound from the amounts of its combustion products.

144
Q

isomer

A

One of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different properties, often as a result of different arrangements of atoms

145
Q

empirical formula

A

A chemical formula that shows the lowest relative number of atoms of each element in a compound

146
Q

molecular formula

A

A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in molecule of a compound

147
Q

aldehyde

A

An organic compound that contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon dioxide

148
Q

carbonyl group

A

A functional group that contains a carbon atom and an oxygen atom linked by a double bond

149
Q

carboxylic acid

A

An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group

150
Q

dehydrogenation reaction

A

A reaction in which an organic compound loses two hydrogen atoms, creating an alkene group

151
Q

disulfide

A

An organic compound that contains two sulfur atoms bonded to each other; each sulfur atom is bonded to an alkyl group

152
Q

hydrogenation reaction

A

A reaction in which an alkene or alone gains hydrogen atoms, becoming an alkane or an alkene

153
Q

ketone

A

An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl groups

154
Q

metabolic pathway

A

A sequence of reactions in a living organism that converts one key molecule into another

155
Q

oxidation reaction

A

A reaction that removes two hydrogen atoms from one or more molecules

156
Q

reduction reaction

A

A reaction that adds hydrogen atoms to a molecule

157
Q

alkylammonium ion

A

A cation in which a nitrogen atom forms four bonds, at least one of which is to an alkyl group

158
Q

amine

A

An organic compound that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to a combination of alkyl groups and hydrogen atoms

159
Q

carboxylate ion

A

An anion that is formed when a carboxylic acid loses a hydrogen ion

160
Q

decarboxylation reaction

A

A reaction in which a carboxylic acid breaks down into a molecule of carbon dioxide and a smaller organic molecule

161
Q

oxidative decarboxylation

A

A reaction between a carboxylic acid and a thiol that produces a thirster and a molecule of carbon dioxide

162
Q

thioester

A

An organic compound that contains a surfer atom bonded to a carbonyl group and an alkyl group

163
Q

zwitterion

A

An electrically neutral molecule that contains a positively ionized group and a negatively ionized group

164
Q

amidation reaction

A

A reaction in which a carboxylic acid and an amine combine to form an amide

165
Q

amide

A

An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom

166
Q

anabolic pathway

A

The metabolic pathways that build large molecules from smaller ones and that consume energy

167
Q

ATP Cycle

A

The reactions that make ATP from ADP and phosphate and then break the ATP back down, storing energy and then releasing it

168
Q

catabolic pathway

A

The metabolic pathways that break down large molecules into smaller ones and that release energy

169
Q

condensation reaction

A

A reaction in which two molecules combined to make a larger molecule and a molecule of water.

170
Q

copolymer

A

A large molecule that is built from alternating molecules of two smaller substances

171
Q

ester

A

An organic compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to both a carbonyl group and an alkyl group

172
Q

esterification reaction

A

A reaction that combines an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to make an ester

173
Q

ether

A

An organic compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups

174
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction in which a large molecule reacts with water, forming two smaller molecules

175
Q

metabolism

A

All of the reactions that occur in a living organism

176
Q

phosphoester

A

A compound formed when a phosphate ion condenses with an alcohol

177
Q

phosphorylation reaction

A

A reaction that adds a phosphate group to another molecule

178
Q

polymer

A

A large molecule that is built from repeating molecules of a smaller substance

179
Q

saponification reaction

A

The reaction of an ester with a strong base to form an alcohol and a carboxylate salt

180
Q

soap

A

A sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid

181
Q

active site

A

The location on the surface of an enzyme where the substrates bind to the enzyme and the reaction occurs

182
Q

activity

A

The number of reaction cycles that an enzyme catalyzes per second

183
Q

alpha carbon

A

The carbon atom in an amino acid that is between the carboxyl group and the amino group

184
Q

alpha helix

A

A protein structure in which the polypeptide backbone folds into a tight coil

185
Q

amino acid

A

An organic compound that contains an amino group and a carboxyl group separated by one carbon atom

186
Q

beta sheet

A

Protein structure in which the polypeptide backbone folds into a set of parallel strands

187
Q

coenzyme

A

An organic molecule that is required by an enzyme

188
Q

cofactor

A

Any substance that is required by an enzyme

189
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that fits into the active site of an enzyme and prevents the normal substrate from entering

190
Q

C-terminal amino acid

A

The amino acid that contains a free carboxyl group in a polypeptide

191
Q

Denature

A

To change the way a polypeptide is folded, normally rendering the polypeptide inactive

192
Q

effector

A

A molecule or ion that binds an enzyme outside of the active site and changes the activity of the enzyme

193
Q

enzyme-product complex

A

The combination of an enzyme and the products of the reaction it catalyzes, while the products remain in the active site.

194
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

the combination of an enzyme and the reactants of the reaction it catalyzes. The reactant molecules bound to active site

195
Q

essential amino acid

A

An amino acid that humans cannot make from other nutrients and must be present in a diet

196
Q

hydrophilic interaction

A

The attraction of hydrophilic amino acid side chains to the water molecules that surround a protein

197
Q

hydrophobic interaction

A

The tendency of hydrophobic amino acid side chains to cluster in the center of a protein, avoiding surrounding water molecules

198
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

The series of chemical and biological reactions that interconvert N2, inorganic ions such as NH4 and NO3-

199
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

The reactions that convert N2 into nitrogen containing compounds

200
Q

nonessential amino acid

A

An amino acid that humans can make from other nutrients

201
Q

N-terminal amino acid

A

The amino acid that contains a free amino group in a polypeptide

202
Q

peptide bond

A

The covalent bond between nitrogen and carbon that links consecutive amino acids into polypeptide

203
Q

Peptide group

A

The amide group that links consecutive amino acids in a polypeptide

204
Q

polypeptide

A

A molecule that is built from amino acids linked by peptide bonds; a protein

205
Q

primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

206
Q

Protein

A

A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order.

207
Q

quaternary structure

A

The way that two or more polypeptide chains bing together to form an active protein

208
Q

secondary structure

A

The coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that is a result of hydrogen bonding between peptide groups

209
Q

side chain

A

The portion of an amino acid that distinguishes it from other amino acids

210
Q

substrate

A

A reactant in a reaction that is categorized by an enzyme

211
Q

tietiary structure

A

The folding of a polypeptide chain that is a result of interacting involving amino acid side chains

212
Q

triple helix

A

A protein structure in which three polypeptide chains coil around one another

213
Q

urea cycle

A

The sequence of reactions by which humans convert ammonium ions into urea

214
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

An energy producing metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide

215
Q

anomers

A

One of the two isomeric forms of a carbohydrate that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group attached to the hemiacetal carbon atom.

216
Q

carbohydrate

A

An organic compound with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, or a large molecule built fro compounds that have this ratio.

217
Q

Krebs cycle

A

A catabolic pathway that breaks down the acetyl-CoA into CO2, producing energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2

218
Q

disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate that is built from two molecules of simple sugars

219
Q

fermentation

A

A catabolic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates using the reactions of glycolysis, but that doesn’t require oxygen and doesn’t produce NADH and FADH2

220
Q

glycolysis

A

A catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing energy in the forms of ATP and NADH

221
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

The chemical link between simple sugars in a disaccharide or polysaccharide

222
Q

hemiacetal

A

An organic compound that is formed when an alcohol combines with an aldehyde or a ketone

223
Q

high energy molecule

A

A biological compound that produces a significant amount of energy when it is hydrolyzed, such as ATP

224
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

A metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into lactate ions

225
Q

monosaccharide

A

The simplest type of carbohydrate

226
Q

polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate that is built from many simple sugars linked together

227
Q

reducing sugar

A

A mono- or disaccharide that contains a hemiacetal group, allowing it to be oxidized easily

228
Q

storage polysaccharide

A

A polysaccharide whose primary function is a fuel source for an organism

229
Q

structural polysaccharide

A

A polysaccharide whose primary function is to supply the rigid framework of an organism

230
Q

beta oxidation

A

A metabolic pathway that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA

231
Q

essential fatty acid

A

A fatty acid that humans cannot make from other nutrients and that must be present in the diet

232
Q

fatty acid

A

An unbranched, long chain carboxylic acid that is used by living organisms to make fats

233
Q

glycerophospholipids

A

An organic compound built from glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate ion, and one other polar or ionized substance

234
Q

lipid

A

A biomolecule that is insoluble in water and is not a protein or a carbohydrate

235
Q

monoglyceride

A

A biomolecule that is made from glycerol and one fatty acid; one of the products of the digestion of fats

236
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The sequence of metabolic reactions that oxidize NADH and FADH2 and uses the resulting energy to convert ADP into ATP

237
Q

triglyceride

A

An organic molecule built from glycerol and three fatty acids; a major fuel source for many types of cells

238
Q

reduction reaction

A

A reaction that adds hydrogen atoms to a molecule

239
Q

zwitterion

A

An electrically neutral molecule that contains a positively ionized group and a negatively ionized group

240
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

241
Q

alpha helix

A

A protein structure in which the polypeptide backbone folds into a tight coil

242
Q

competitive inhibitor of an enzyme

A

A molecule that fits into the active site of an enzyme and prevents the normal substrate from entering

243
Q

effector of an enzyme

A

A molecule or ion that binds an enzyme outside of the active site and changes the activity of an enzyme

244
Q

polypeptide

A

A molecule that is built from amino acids linked by peptide bonds; a protein

245
Q

carbohydrate

A

An organic compound with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

246
Q

lipid

A

A biomolecule that is insoluble in water and is not a protein or a carbohydrate

247
Q

fatty acid

A

An unbranched, long chain carboxylic acid that is used by living organisms to make fats

248
Q

accuracy

A

How close an experimental measurement is to the true value

249
Q

atom

A

The smallest particle of an element

250
Q

atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom, used to identify the element

251
Q

electron

A

A subatomic particle; the negatively charged component of atoms

252
Q

mole

A

An amount of a substance equal to its formula weight expressed in grams

253
Q

valence electrons

A

An electron in the outermost shell of an atom

254
Q

valence shell

A

The outermost shell of an atom

255
Q

cation

A

A positively charged ion

256
Q

electronegativity

A

A measure of the attraction of an element for electrons

257
Q

octet rule

A

The tendency of atoms to have eight valence electrons when they form molecules or ions

258
Q

dipole dipole attraction

A

The attraction between oppositely charged regions in two polar molecules

259
Q

ion-ion attraction

A

The attraction between oppositely charged ions

260
Q

solvent

A

The primary liquid component of a solution

261
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

262
Q

activation of energy

A

The minimum energy that reactant molecules must have to react

263
Q

electrolyte

A

A substance tat conducts electricity when it dissolves in water

264
Q

specific heat

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1C

265
Q

solute

A

One component of a solution either the component that disappears during the dissolving process or the liquid that is present in the smaller amount

266
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

A stable mixture of products and reactants in which the rates of the forward reaction and reverse reaction are equal

267
Q

heat of reaction

A

The amount of heat absurd or given off by a chemical reaction

268
Q

acid

A

a molecule or ion that can donate a hydrogen ion to another molecule or ion

269
Q

base

A

A molecule or ion that can bond to a hydrogen ion

270
Q

conjugate pair

A

Two substances whose formulas differ by one hydrogen ion

271
Q

buffer

A

A solution that resists pH changes when acids or bases are added to it

272
Q

alkane

A

An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by single bonds

273
Q

alkene

A

An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms and that contains a carbon-carbon double bond

274
Q

alcohol

A

an organic compound that contains an OH group bonded to an alkyl group

275
Q

saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon that does not contain any double or triple bonds

276
Q

VSEPR

A

The principle that valence electrons around an atom arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible

277
Q

enantiomer

A

Mirror image forms of a compound that are not superimposable

278
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of heat and its interconversions

279
Q

Thermochemistry

A

The branch of thermodynamics that focuses on the heat involved in chemical and physical change

280
Q

System

A

The defined part of the universe under study

281
Q

Surroundings

A

All parts of the universe other than the system being considered

282
Q

Internal Energy

A

The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energies of all the particles in a system

283
Q

heat

A

The energy transformed between objects because of a difference in their temperatures only

284
Q

work

A

The energy transferred when an object is moved by a force

285
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

A basic observation that the total energy of the universe is constant

286
Q

joule

A

The SI Unit of energy; 1J=1kg(m^2/s^2)

287
Q

calorie

A

A unit of energy defined as exactly 4.184J; originally defined as the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree Celsius

288
Q

state function

A

A property of the system determined by its current state, regardless of how it arrived at that state

289
Q

pressure-volume work

A

A type of work in which a volume change occurs against an external pressure

290
Q

enthalpy

A

A thermodynamic quantity that is the sum of the internal energy plus the product of the pressure and volume

291
Q

change in enthalpy

A

The change in internal energy plus the product of the constant pressure and the change in volume

292
Q

exothermic process

A

A process that occurs with a release of heat to the surroundings and therefore a decrease in the enthalpy of the system

293
Q

enthalpy diagram

A

A graphic depiction of the enthalpy change of system

294
Q

endothermic process

A

A process that occurs with an absorption of heat from the surroundings and therefore an increase in the enthalpy of the system

295
Q

heat capacity

A

The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1 degree Kelvin

296
Q

specific heat capacity

A

The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a material by 1K

297
Q

molar heat capacity

A

The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 mol of a substance, in units of g/mol

298
Q

calorimeter

A

a device used to measure the heat released or absorbed by a physical or chemical process taking place within it

299
Q

thermochemical equation

A

A chemical equation that shows the heat involved for the amounts of substances specified

300
Q

Hess’s law

A

A law stating that the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of the individual steps

301
Q

standard state

A

A set of specifications used to compare thermodynamic data: one atm for gases behaving ideally, 1M for dissolved species, or the pure substance for liquids and solids

302
Q

standard enthalpy of reaction

A

The enthalpy change that occurs during a reaction when all components are in their standard states

303
Q

formation equation

A

An equation in which 1 mole of a compound forms from its elements

304
Q

standard enthalpy of formation

A

The enthalpy change occurring when 1mol of a compound forms from its elements with all components in their standard states

305
Q

fossil fuel

A

Any fuel, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas, derived from the products of the decay of dead organisms

306
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge as a result of its polar bonds and shape.

307
Q

solvated

A

Surrounded closely by solvent molecules.

308
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance that conducts a current when it dissolves in water. A mixture of ions, in which the electrodes of an electrochemical cell are immersed, that conducts a current.

309
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

A substance whose aquesous solution does not conduct an electric current.

310
Q

Molecular equation

A

A chemical equation showing a reaction in solution in which reactants and products appear as intact, undissociated compounds.

311
Q

total ionic equation

A

an equation for an aqueous reaction that shows all the soluble ionic substance dissociated into ions.

312
Q

Spectator ion

A

an ion that is present as part of a reactant but is not involved in the chemical change.

313
Q

net ionic equation

A

a chemical equation of a reaction in solution in which spectator ions have been eliminated to show the actual chemical change.

314
Q

Precipitation reaction

A

A reaction in which two soluble ionic compounds form an insoluble product, a precipitate.

315
Q

Precipitate

A

The insoluble product of a precipitation reaction

316
Q

metathesis reaction

A

A reaction in which atoms or ions of two compounds exchange bonding partners.

317
Q

acid-base reaction

A

Any reaction between an acid and a base

318
Q

acid

A

In common Laboratory terms, any species that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water

319
Q

base

A

any species that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water.

320
Q

salt

A

An ionic compound that results from an Arrhenius acid-base reaction after solvent is removed

321
Q

titration

A

A method of determining the concentration of a solution by monitoring relative amounts during its reaction with a solution of known concentration

322
Q

equivalence point

A

the point in a titration when the number of moles of the added species is stoichiometrically equivalent to the original number of moles of the other species.

323
Q

end point

A

the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color.

324
Q

oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

A

a process in which there is a net movement of electrons from one reactant to another.

325
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons by a species, accompanied by an increase in oxidation number.

326
Q

reduction

A

the gain of electrons by a species, accompanied by a decrease in oxidation number

327
Q

oxidizing agent

A

thee substance that accepts electrons in a reaction and undergoes a decrease in oxidation number

328
Q

oxidizing number

A

A number equal to the magnitude of the charge an atom would have if its sheared electrons were held completely by the atom that attracts them more strongly

329
Q

reducing agent

A

the substance that donate electrons in a redox reaction and undergoes an increase in oxidation number

330
Q

activity series of the metals

A

a listing of metals arranged in order of decreasing strength if the metal as a reducing agent in aqueous reaction

331
Q

hydrogen

A

H+

332
Q

lithium

A

Li+

333
Q

sodium

A

Na+

334
Q

potassium

A

K+

335
Q

cesium

A

Cs+

336
Q

silver

A

Ag+

337
Q

magnesium

A

Mg2+

338
Q

calcium

A

Ca2+

339
Q

strontium

A

Sr2+

340
Q

barium

A

Ba2+

341
Q

zinc

A

Zn2+

342
Q

cadmium

A

Cd2+

343
Q

aluminum

A

Al3+

344
Q

hydride

A

H-

345
Q

fluoride

A

F-

346
Q

chloride

A

Cl-

347
Q

bromide

A

Br-

348
Q

iodide

A

I-

349
Q

oxide

A

O2-

350
Q

sulfide

A

S2-

351
Q

nitride

A

N3-

chemistry (25 decks)

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