Chapter 11

Question 1

Valence bond theory

Answer 1

A model that attempts to reconcile the shapes of molecules with those of atomic orbitals through the concepts of orbital overlap and hybridization

Question 2

hybridization

Answer 2

A postulated process of orbital mixing to form hybrid orbitals

Question 3

hybrid orbital

Answer 3

An atomic orbital postulated to form during bonding by the mathematical mixing of specific combinations of non-equivalent orbitals in a given atom

Question 4

sp hybrid orbital

Answer 4

An orbital formed by the mixing of one s and one p orbital of a central atom

Question 5

sp2 hybrid orbital

Answer 5

An orbital formed by the mixing of one s and two p orbitals of a central atom

Question 6

sp3 hybrid orbital

Answer 6

An orbital formed by the mixing of one s and three p orbitals of a central atom

Question 7

sp3d hybrid orbital

Answer 7

An orbital forms by the mixing of one s, three p, and one d orbitals of a central atom

Question 8

sp3d2 hybrid orbital

Answer 8

An orbital formed by the mixing of one s, three p, and two d orbitals of a central atom

Question 9

sigma bond

Answer 9

A type of covalent bond that arises through end-to-end orbital overlap and has most of its electron density along an imaginary line joining the nuclei.

Question 10

pi bond

Answer 10

A covalent bond formed by sideways overlap of two atomic orbitals that has two regions of electron density, one above and one below the internuclear axis

Question 11

molecular orbital theory

Answer 11

A model that describes a molecule as a collection of nuclei and electrons in which the electrons occupy orbitals that extend over the entire molecule

Question 12

molecular orbital

Answer 12

An orbital of given energy and shape that extends over a molecule and can be occupied by no more than two paired electrons

Question 13

bonding MO

Answer 13

A molecular orbital formed when wave functions are added to each other, which increases electron density between the nuclei. Electrons occupying such an orbital stabilize the molecule

Question 14

anti bonding MO

Answer 14

A molecular orbital formed when wave functions are subtracted from each other, which decreases electron density between the nuclei and leaves a node. Electrons occupying such an orbital destabilize the molecule

Question 15

sigma MO

Answer 15

A molecular orbital that is cylindrically symmetrical about an imaginary line that runs through the nuclei of the component atoms

Question 16

molecular orbital diagram

Answer 16

A depiction of the relative energy and number of electrons in each MO, as well as the atomic orbitals from which the MOs form

Question 17

MO bond order

Answer 17

One-half the difference between the number of electrons in bonding and anti bonding Mos

Question 18

homonuclear diatomic molecule

Answer 18

A molecule composed of two identical atoms

Question 19

pi MO

Answer 19

A molecular orbital formed by combination of two atomic orbitals whose orientations are perpendicular to the internuclear axis