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Chemistry-chpt 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Element

A

Pure substance= building block of matter

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1
Q

Matter

A

Substance that takes up space

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2
Q

How many naturally occurring atoms elements are there?

A

92

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3
Q

Moat important elements to living things?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen 
Nitrogen 
Oxygen 
Phosphorus 
Sulfur

CHNOPS

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4
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of an element

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5
Q

Which has more energy

  • Inner shell
  • Outer shell
A

Outer

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6
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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7
Q

Atomic mass

A

Proton and neutrons together

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8
Q

Periodic table

A
  • first letter of element is used as symbol
  • atomic number places above atomic symbol
  • arranged horizontally by increasing atomic number
  • arranged vertically by number of electrons in outer most shell
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9
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons

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10
Q

What does atomic mass represent

A

Average atoms of each element

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11
Q

What do unstable isotopes do as they decay

A

Emit radioactive particles

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12
Q

Uses for radioactive isotopes

A

Carbon dating
Radioactive tracers in medical tests
Medical imaging
Radioactive therapy

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13
Q

Molecule

A

Formed by the bonding of two atoms combined

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14
Q

Compound molecule

A

Molecule composed of atoms of two or more different elements

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

Electrostatic interaction between cation and anion

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16
Q

Why do atoms react with other atoms

A

To get a full outer electron she’ll

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17
Q

Ion

A

An atom which has lost if gained electrons bc of a chemical reaction

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18
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bond that holds Atoms together to form molecules

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19
Q

Are electrons shared or transferred in covenant bonds ?

A

Shared

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20
Q

Are atoms shared or transferred in ions and ionic bonds?

A

Transferred

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21
Q

Acids

A

Molecules that release hydrogen ions(atoms that lost an electron) when dissolved in water

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22
Q

Bases

A

Extra electrons

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23
Q

pH scale

A

Measure the positive and negative charges of atoms

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24
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Electrons shared equally

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25
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Electrons shared unequally ( normally happens of atoms are different from one another)

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26
Q

Electron dot formula

A

Shows only outermost electrons

27
Q

Molecular formula

A

Only the number of each type of atom in a molecule is represented

28
Q

Structural formula

A

Lines represent shared electrons

29
Q

Molecules are 4-d 3-d or 2-d

30
Q

What do molecular shapes determine

31
Q

How much does water make up in living things

32
Q

Which ends are positive and negative in a water molecule

A

Oxygen- negative

Hydrogen-positive

33
Q

Polar molecules

A

Have a positive and negative end

34
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction between positive end in one molecule and negative in another molecule

35
Q

Properties of water due to hydrogen bonding and polarity

A
  • universal solvent
  • liquid at room temperature and body temperature
  • water molecules are cohesive(one molecule sticks to another)
  • high specific heat-resist change in temperature
  • high heat of vaporization - keeps body from overheating
  • water is less dense at 4°C so ice floats on liquid water
36
Q

What equal parts does water break into

A

Hydrogen ions(H+) and hydroxyl ions(OH-)

37
Q

What does acid release

38
Q

What does bases release

39
Q

Acidic solution

A
  • have sour taste
  • release hydrogen ions when they break up in water
  • ex:coffe lemon juice and vinegar
40
Q

Basic solutions

A
  • have bitter taste
  • feel slimy or slippery to touch
  • release hydroxyl ions
  • ex: ammonia and sodium hydroxide
41
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that resists change in pH

42
Q

Buffed consists of

A

Chemical or group of chemicals

43
Q

Buffers function by

A

Binding excess hydrogen ion or hydroxyl ions

44
Q

What do ALL organic molecules contain

A

Hydrogen and Carbon

45
Q

Large macromolecule

46
Q

Monomers

A

Small organic molecules

47
Q

Organic molecules are composed of smaller units called monomers.
-further explain monomers?

A
  • monomers are small organic molecules

- either exist separately or are bonded together to form polymers

48
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A
  • links monomers together to form a polymer
  • 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen removed in reaction and unite to form water
  • water is always a biproduct
49
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • Polymer is broken down to monomers

- water is required to replace 2 hydrogens And the oxygen

50
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Sugar protein that is unique to every individual, every cell in your body has this glycoprotein. If a cell doesn’t have it than it is destroyed by your immune system

51
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • ration of Hydrogen atoms to Oxygen atoms is 2:1
  • “hydrates of carbon”
  • atomic grouping of H-C-OH
52
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • principal energy source
  • short term energy storage
  • structural components
  • cell to cell recognition=surface antigens
53
Q

Glucose molecular formula

54
Q

Saccharide

A

Sugar ring

55
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides (1)

Disaccharides (2)

56
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars like glucose and fructose

57
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharide bonded together

58
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Galactose (glucose+lactose)
Maltose( glucose+glucose)

59
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Large polymers of monosaccharides

60
Q

Cellulose

A
  • structural carb in plant
  • “fiber”
  • indigestible by human enzymes
61
Q

Starches and Glycogen

A
  • quick energy storage

- starches are long chains of

62
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose

Fructose

63
Q

Galactose

A

Glucose

Lactose

64
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose

Glucose

Biology (21 decks)

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