Ch 4 Cells Flashcards
Cell wall
Contains peptideglycans
Microtubules
Protrude from centrosome and form centrioles, cilia and flagella
Nucleoid
Region which contains a single chromosome
Plasma membrane
Outer boundary of cell
Embedded proteins
Associated glycolipids and cholesterol
Actin filament
Interact with motor molecules myosin in muscles
Muscles for movement
Lysosome
Protein containing vesicles within cells in the digestive system
Contain Hydrolytic enzymes
Fuses with vesicles from cell membrane containing macromolecules
Digestion occurs and nutrients release to cells
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Complex system of sacs and channels
Attached ribosomes
Serves as site of assembly of proteins for export’s
Peroxisomes
Helps detoxify substances in a cell
H202
Making hydrogen peroxide or breaking it down
Nucleoplasm
Semi fluid within
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesizes lipid products such as phospholipids and steroids
Released in vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Packaging in processing center for cells products
Vesicles fuse with Golgi and products are released inside
Produces lysosome
Chromosome
DNA condensed getting ready for division
Nucleolus
Dark regions of chromatin which produce rRNA which is composed of ribosomes rna
Chloroplast
Sites of photosynthesis capture light energy and converted to chemical energy to form food molecules. Grana Stroma Membranous a system of thylakoids
Nuclear membrane
Double layered surrounds nucleus and has large pores
Mitochondria
Another energy related organelle
Matrix
Cristae
double membrane
Centrioles
Short tubules with 9+0 pattern of microtubule triplets
Believed to be involved in microtubule formation including mitotic spindle
Cell theory
All Things are composed of cells
Cells are the functional and structural units of organisms
All cells are derived from previous is existing cell
Schleiden and schwann
Robert Hooke
Leeuwenhoek
Schleiden and schwann
First observed cells in cork
Invented light microscope
Proposed cell theory
Cell size
Service over volume ratio determine cell size
Surface-increases by the square of a radius
Volume increases as the cube of the radius
Cristae
Inner Folds on the membrane
Providing increase surface area for the production of ATP
Cholesterol
ProVides flexibility to cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Arrangement of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends
Small cells
Greater surface volume ratio
Nucleus
Contains genetic material DNA Nuclear membrane Chromatin Nucleolus Nucleoplasm
Chromatin
DNA not condensed before divided
Large cells
Volume increases while surface does not
Surface area
Nutrients go through surface to get to the cell. Cells must be small in order for the surface area to be adequate to supply nutrients
Ribosomes
Site of protein assembly
Composed of RNA subunits
Exist as free ribosomes or bounded to endoplasmic reticulum
SEM and TEM
Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope
Eukaryotic cells
Have a membrane-bound nucleus
All plants and animals are eukaryotic
Cell membrane
Barrier between cell and it’s environment
Regulation of transporting substances in and out of this
Contains protein and it’s a very dynamic fluid structure
Plant cells
Outer cell wall in addition to plasma membrane which is composed of cellulose for rigidity
Organelles
Sub cellular structures which perform specific life functions for cells
Found in animal and plant cells
Organelles specifically found in either plants or animals
Plants -chloroplast, central vacuole
Animals -centrioles
Endomembrane system
Includes nuclear membrane,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and vesicles
Assemble proteins
Enter channels for processing
released in vesicles
Apoptosis
Cell suicide
Lysosomal membranes in older damage cells rupture and enzymes digest the cell
Grana and granum
In the chloroplast structure regions of stack thylakoids
Grana Plural and
Granum non-Plural
Stroma
Surrounded by fluid-filled double outer membrane
Fluid inside chloroplast
Cellular respiration
Process of oxidizing food molecules
See 6H1206+602–/–6C02+6H20+ATP
Carbohydrate plus oxygen carbon ——->dioxide plus water plus energy (ATP)
Metrix
Surrounded by a fluid filled double membrane
Site of aerobic cell respiration
Production of ATP
Relationship between mitochondria and chloroplasts
Only plants and algae have chloroplasts
all cells and plants animals contain mitochondria
Photosynthesis
Light energy +carbon dioxide + water –>carbohydrate +oxygen
Chemicals required by cell respiration are produced in photosynthesis and vice versa
Cytoskeleton
Maintain cell shape and allows organelles to move
Actin Filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
Intermediate filament
Support the nuclear membrane
Support nucleus
Centrosome in animal cells
Composed of two centrioles
Celia. And Flagella
Hair-like projections, Generally multiple and flagella single or double
9+2 pattern of microtubules
Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and Archae Lack nucleus Plasma membrane Ribosomes thylakoids capsules cell wall nucleoid
Peptideoglycans
Protein sugar molecules in the cell wall of bacteria
Thylakoids
And photosynthetic Cyanobacteria
Endosymbiont hypothesis
Prokaryotes engulfed by larger cells
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
Resemble bacteria
both have a double membrane contains DNA
contain their own ribosomes
Double membrane
Outer could be from vesicle
inner from original cell membrane
