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Biology > Chapter 36- Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 36- Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Ecological succession

A

A change in community composition overtime

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1
Q

Ecology

A

The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

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2
Q

Biotic potential

A

The fastest rate A population could potentially grow

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3
Q

what does biotic potential depend upon

A

-number of offspring per reproduction. -chances of offspring surviving until reproduction. -age at which reproduction begins. -how often each individual reproduces

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4
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

Most individuals die at old age

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5
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A

Decreases consistently over time

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6
Q

Type III survivorship curve

A

Most individuals diet early

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7
Q

Doubling time

A

Length of time it takes for population to double

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8
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

No two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the same time

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9
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Decreases competition. slight differences in a way a resource is utilized

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10
Q

Mimicry

A

One species resembles another that has an antipredator defense

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11
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

A species that lacks a defense mechanism that makes another that has it

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12
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Several species with the same defense mechanism share a common characteristic

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13
Q

Autrophs

A

Primary producers

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14
Q

What do autrophs require to make organic food molecules?

A

An energy source and inorganic nutrients

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15
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Consumers

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16
Q

Types of heterotrophs?

A

Consume organic nutrients. - herbivores carnivores omnivores. Decomposers break down decaying material -fungi,bacteria

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17
Q

True or false chemicals and nutrients cycle through an ecosystem

A

True

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18
Q

How does energy enter the ecosystem

A

Sunlight which is absorbed by producers

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19
Q

How do chemicals enter ecosystem

A

When producers absorb inorganic nutrients

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20
Q

How do consumers gain nutrients and energy

A

Eating producers

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21
Q

How is energy released into the environment

A

Heat and waste products

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22
Q

What do food webs illustrate

A

The interrelationships between organisms in the food chain

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23
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed (we can only change it’s form)

24
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

With every transformation some energy is given off as heat

25
Q

Detritis

A

Dead organic material

26
Q

Biomass

A

The number of organisms at each level multiplied by their weight

27
Q

Biome

A

Major type of terrestrial ecosystem

28
Q

Distribution of biomes is due to

A

Climatic factors

29
Q

Biomes from closest to equator to north pole

A

Tropical rain forest
Temperate deciduous forest
Coniferous forest
Tundra

30
Q

Tundra

A

Permafrost
Very cold and dark most of year
Short growing season
only 20 cm of precipitation a year

31
Q

Taiga

A

North Canada,Eurasia
Temperatures below freezing 1/2 year
Long night and a winter long days and summer

Vegetation-mosses,pines,firs,spruce

32
Q

Temperate rainforest-Old growth forest

A

California redwoods

33
Q

Temperate deciduous forest

A

Bridgewater

34
Q

Tropical forests

A

South America,Africa
Weathers always warm,abundant rainfall

Biome with greatest diversity of species

35
Q

Shrub lands

A

Shops with waxy leaves adapted to arid conditions

Dense shrubland in California

36
Q

Grassland

A

Brain fog greater than 25 cm but not enough to support trees

A.k.a. Savanna

37
Q

Deserts

A

Less than 25 cm per year of rain
Animals adopted to arid conditions
-many are burrowing animals
-nocturnal to avoid heat

38
Q

Oligotrophic lake

A

Nutrient poor

39
Q

Eutrophic Lakes

A

Nutrient rich

40
Q

Lake sacrification

A

Seasonal turnover in temperate zone occurs in fall and spring

41
Q

Coastal ecosystems

A

Salt marshes,mud flats,mangrove forests

Estuaries

  • near mouth of the rivers
  • feeding grounds of many bird,fish,shellfish
42
Q

Brackish

A

Dilute Seawater

43
Q

Estuaries contain what type of water

A

Brackish water

44
Q

Pelagic division organisms

A

Live in a water column

45
Q

Benthic division organisms

A

Live on bottom of the ocean or burrow into ground

46
Q

Gaseous cycle

A

Drawn from and returns to atmosphere

47
Q

Sedimentary cycle

A

Element is drawn from soil by plant roots, Eaten by consumers,returned to the soil By decomposers

48
Q

What is happening to aquifers

A

They are being drain faster than they can be naturally replenished aka water mining

49
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

1) phosphate enter soil as rocks undergo weather process

2) (phosphate)picked up by producers and cycles through consumers and finally decomposers

50
Q

Human impact on the phosphorus cycle

A

Accelerated transfer rate due to bus the mining supplementation and farm fields, detergents

51
Q

Cultural eutrophication

A

Over enrichment of phosphate

52
Q

What can cultural eutrophication cause

A
  • Increased algal bloom
  • As allergy dies of decomposers consume high-level’s of O2 in water
  • Results in massive fish kills
53
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Conversion of nitrogen gas (N2)to ammonium (NH4) by bacteria

54
Q

nitrification

A

Production of nitrates which plants can also use

55
Q

Denitrification

A

Nitrate back to atmosphere bc nitrogen bacteria

56
Q

Nitrogen gas can be converted into nitrate by:

A

Lightning
Meteor trails
Cosmic radiation

57
Q

Carbon cycle

A
  • Photosynthesis takes up CO2 from atmosphere

- cell respiration returned it to atmosphere

58
Q

Reservoirs of carbon

A

Dead organisms-(fossil feuls)

Forest

Biology (21 decks)

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