37 34 Flashcards
Green plants and algea
Photosynthesis
Autrophs
Primary producers
Require energy source and inorganic nutrients to produce food molecules
—food energy
Chemoautotrophs
produce sugar
Bacteria
Heterothophs
Consumers
Consume organic nutrients
• herbivores carnivores omnivores
Decomposers
Energy does not recycle it….
Flows
Energy enters ecosystem in forms of….
Sunlight absorbed by producers
Chemicals enter when
Producers absorb inorganic nutrients
Producers make
Organic nutrients for them self and all other organisms
Energy is released at each level to the environment in form of heat only …% is usable at
Trophic levels
10%
Energy flow and chemical cycling
Sun to producer to consumer or decomposer to decomposer to inorganic nutrient pool
Energy stops at decomposers
Interrelationship between organism in the food chain
Food web
First law of thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Ecosystem depend on outside energy sorce
Second law of thermodynamics
With energy transformation energy is given off as heat
Energy at each higher trophic level is lesser 10%
Grazing food chain
Begins with produser
Detrital food chain
Begins with detritus
Trophic level
Is composed of all organisms that feed at a particular link to the food chain
Primary produsers
First trophic level
Primary consumers
Second tropic level
Secondary consumers
3rd tropic level
Ecological pyrimids
Amount of available energy in trophic levels
Most available energy
Producers
Biomass
the number of organisms at each level multiplied by their weight
Biogeochemical cycle 2 types
Gaseous cycle
Sedimentary cycle
Gaseous cycle
Drawn from and returns to the atmosphere
Sedimentary cycle
Element is drawn from soil by plant roots, eaten by consumers, returned to soil by decomposers
The water cycle
Evaporation
Precipitation
Surface water
Returns to ocean
Hydrologic cycle
Transpiration, evaporation from soil, aquifers, The water cycle
Phosphorous cycle
Phosphate enters soil as rocks undergo weathering process
Picked up by producer and cycles through consumers and finally decomposers
Human impact. Accelerated transfer rate
Phosphate mining and supply mentation on farm fields, detergents
Cultural eutrophication over enrichment
Increase Algal bloom
Algae die off decomposers consume high levels of oxygen in the water
Results in massive fish pills
Nitrogen fixation
Conversion of nitrogen gas N2 to ammonium NH4+ by bacteria
Nitrogen gas takes how much of the atmosphere
78% and usable by plants
Nitrification
Produse of nitrates plants can also use
Nitrogen Gas is converted into nitrates in the atmosphere
By lightning, meteors trails, cosmetic radiation
Nitrifying bacteria
Causes t aluminum in soil to convert to nitrates
Denitrification
Nitrates back into gas by denitrifying bacteria
The carbon cycle
Cell respiration returns to its atmosphere
reservoirs of carbon
Dead organisms -fossil fuels
Forests
Human Activities
More carbon dioxide is being deposited in atmosphere than is being removed
Global warming
Phosphorus cycle
Biotic community recycles phosphorus back to its producers
An exchange pool
Source available to organisms
Biome
Major type of terrestrial ecosystem
Distribution of biomes is due to
Climate factors
Distribution of solar radiation, Topography
Order of biomes starting in equator
Tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra
Alpine tundra
Mostly shrubs. Near peak of the mountain
Montane coniferous forest
Coniferous forest of a mountain
Tundra
Very cold and dark most of the year and short growing season’s
Only 2o cm a a years of precipitation
Shortgrass dwarf shrubs
Wolves polar Bears lemmings
Coniferous forest
Temperate rainforest, mountaintops, taiga
Taiga
Coniferous forests
Below freezing for half the year Long nights in winter long days in
Cone bearing trees pine furs
Deer moose beaver wolves bears
Temperate rainforest
Old growth forest
California redwoods
Temperate deciduous forest
Long growing seasons, well-defined seasons
Tropical forest
Always warm abundant rainfall, biome with greatest diversity of species of plants and animals
Shrub lands
Many fires
Waxy leaves
Chaparral-dense shrub lands
Grasslands
Rainfall but not enough to support trees
Grasses well adapted to changing environments
Savannas
Grasslands with some trees
Desert
Low precipitation
Succulents-cacti
Wild temperatures many are burying animals to avoid the heat
Oligotrophic
Nutrient poor
phosphates
Lakes
Temperature and concentration of dissolved gases varies with dept
Seasonal turnover
Redistribute oxygen and nutrients
Fall overturn
Coldwater sinks and makes the lake turn
Coastal ecosystems
Salt marshes, mudflates, Man Grove Forest
Estuaries
Estuaries
Were salt meets brackish water
Feeding grounds
Nurseries near mouth of river
Littoral zone
High and low tidal marks
Seashore
Open sand
Claims, crabs, sand shrimp, sand dollars
Pelagic division
Water column
Benthic division
Sea floor
Eutrophic
Nutrient rich
Lots of Algae
