Cells And Flow Of Energy Flashcards
First Laws of thermodynamics
Second
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed
Energy cannot change forms without loss of energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Movement
Stored energy
Entropy
Relative amounts of disorder of disorganization
Everything wants to be disorganized so it can be stable
All cells processes increase amount of entropy of the universe
Cell metabolism
Loss of …at each step
A lot of energy means…
involves energy transformations
Usable energy
Its unstable
Glucose
Unequal distribution of hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide and water
Equal distribution of hydrogen ions
Organized, less stable(entropy) more potential energy
Less organized more stable entropy less potential energy
Metabolism
Reactants
Products
All chemical reactions in the cell
Substances that participate in chemical reactions
Substances that are formed in chemical reaction
Free energy
Amount of energy that is available to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred
Exergonic reactions
Endergonic reactions
Coupling of reactions
Ones in which energy is released
Energy is absorbed(input of energy)
Endergonic reactions like muscle contractions are coupled with exergonic reactions to provide energy
Atp–>
Ex) exergonic
Ex) endergonic
Adp+p+free energy
Brake phosphate bonds for energy
Adenosine triphosphate
Cellular respiration
Protein synthesis, nerve conduction, muscle contraction
What are the three advantages of ATP as energy carrier
It provides a common energy currency for many reactions
Breakdown of ATP to ADP+ P releases sufficient energy for biological processes
ATP breakdown is coupling reactions insuch a way that minimizes energy loss
What is the ATP structure
Modify nucleotide Adenine, ribose, three phosphate
High-energy compound from because the terminal phosphate group is easily removed
Coupled reactions
Function of ATP
Energy from Exergonic breakdown of ATP is used to drive and endergonic reaction.
Transport, mechanical, chemical
What is the transport function of ATP
What is the mechanical function of ATP
What is the chemical function of ATP
Supplies energy for active transport mechanism
Supplies energy for muscle contraction Celia movement, chromosome migration
Supplies energy for synthesis of macromolecules
Metabolic pathways
Small or large steps
Is a series of linked reactions starts with specific reactant and produces an end product
Releases metabolic energy
Large steps one step releases more energy then multiple steps
How is each step catalyzed
What is an enzyme
By a specific enzyme
Protein molecule functions as a catalyzed speed up rate of chemical reaction
What is a substrate
Enzymes lower the what
Inhibition
Reactants and then enzymatic reaction are called substrate
The energy of activation of a specific reactions
And product turning off enzyme that created it
How can you regulate pathways of metabolic pathways
Allostelic sice
Turn off enzyme by a block or change in shape of active shape
When a substrate enters the back of an enzyme
Process of reaction with free energy
Enzyme plus substrate equals
More energy of activation is used without enzymes for the progress of reaction, ensmzymes speed up chemical reactions
Enzyme plus phosphate
Where did binding occur
Is substrate that exact shape of the active site
In the active site of the enzyme
No active sites can undergo slight changes
What is an enzyme substrate complex
What is dentures
Products of two substrates fitting active site
Break or change in enzyme because of heat
What increases with substrate concentration?
How can cells regulate metabolism?
Enzyme activity because more collisions between substrate and enzyme
By which enzymes are active
Gene producing enzymes will be turned on and off to regulate enzyme concentration
All enzymes are made of …
PH
Pepsin
Trypsin
Proteins
Can denture enzyme
Ph dependent
Each hasOptimal pH
Enzyme in stomach
Enzyme in intestine
Enzyme inhibition occurs when
Binding to site other than active site
Enzyme cannot bind to substrate
Activity of cell is regulated by feed back inhibition
Changes active site
Poison=inhibition
Enzyme cofactors
Coenzymes
Inorganic molecules
+
Organic molecules
= vitamins
LEO says GER
Oxygen reduces to form
Hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide and glucose is formed
Loss of electrons is oxidation
Gain of electrons is reduction
Water
